ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Simulation and Investigation of Mechanical and Geometrical Properties of St/CP-Titanium Bimetal Sheet during the Single Point Incremental Forming Process
In this study, the incremental forming of explosively welded low carbon steel-commercially pure titanium bilayer sheet has been experimentally and numerically investigated. For this purpose, at first a finite element based analysis was proposed to predict forming force and thickness distribution to form this material by such process, that showed good agreements with the experimental results. Then, to investigate the effect of vertical step down (ΔZ) parameter on the properties of the workpiece, mechanical tests and microstructural studies were performed on the formed specimens. The results showed that increasing the vertical step down (ΔZ), hardness and tensile properties of the specimens increased but the thickness reduction in the wall of the pyramidal specimens increased and also the surface quality decreased. In addition, microstructural studies showed that increasing the vertical step down from 0.1 to 0.3, the grain structure transformed from an equiaxed state to a fibrous state and led to formation of texture in the microstructure, which mechanical properties improvements can be attributed to this issue. Therefore, if the surface quality of the inside wall of the specimen won’t be important, with an increase in the amount of ΔZ besides reduction of process time, the mechanical properties of the specimen will be improved.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4824_919f019936f350be8046e4d8be949d56.pdf
2018-04-01
1
18
10.22099/ijmf.2017.26024.1085
Incremental Forming
Explosive-welded
Bimetals
low carbon steel/CP Titanium
M.R.
Sakhtemanian
msakhtemanian2002@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
AUTHOR
S.
Amini
amini.s@kashanu.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
AUTHOR
M.
Honarpisheh
honarpishe@kashanu.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] A. Attanasio, E. Ceretti, C. Giardini, Optimization of tool path in two points incremental forming, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 177 (2006) 409-412.
1
[2] K. Kitazawa, Incremental sheet metal stretch-expanding with CNC machine tools, Advanced Technology of Plasticity.Beijing: International Academic Publisher, (1993) 1899-1904.
2
[3] M. Matsubara, S. Tanaka, T. Nakamura, Development of incremental sheet metal forming system using elastic tools: Principle of forming process and formation of some fundamentally curved shapes, JSME International Journal, 39(1996) 156-163.
3
[4] W.C. Emmens, G. Sebastiani, A.H. van den Booggard, The technology of Incremental Sheet Forming – A brief review of the history, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 210 (2010) 981–997.
4
[5] E. Hagan, J. Jeswiet, A review of conventional and modern single-point sheet metal forming methods, Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 217 ( 2003) 213-225.
5
[6] Y.H. Kim, J.J. Park, Effect of process parameters on formability in incremental forming of sheet metal, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 130–131(2002) 42–46.
6
[7] K. Jackson, J. Allwood, The mechanics of incremental sheet forming, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2 0 9 (2009) 1158–1174.
7
[8] Y. Li, Z. Liu , H. Lu, Efficient force prediction for incremental sheet forming and experimental validation, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 73 ( 2014 ) 571–587.
8
[9] C. Henrard , C. Bouffioux , P. Eyckens , H. Sol, Forming forces in single point incremental forming: prediction by finite element simulations, validation and sensitivity, 47 ( 2011 ) 573–590.
9
[10] G. Hussain, G. Lin, N. Hayat, A new parameter and its effect on the formability in single point incremental forming: A fundamental investigation, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 24 (2010) 1617-1621.
10
[11] Z. Fu, J. Mo, F. Han, P. Gong, Tool path correction algorithm for single-point incremental forming of sheet metal, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 64 ( 2013 ) 1239–1248.
11
[12] G. Hussaina, L. Gaoa, N. Hayatb, Xu. Zirana, A new formability indicator in single point incremental forming, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 209 (2009) 4237–4242.
12
[13] G. Ambrogio, F. Gagliardi, S. Bruschi, L. Filice, On the high-speed single point incremental forming of titanium alloys, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology 62 (2013) 243–246.
13
[14] S. Gatea, H. Ou, G. McCartney, Review on the influence of process parameters in incremental sheet forming, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 87 (2016) 479–499.
14
[15] D. M. Neto, J. M. P. Martins, M. C. Oliveira, L. F. Menezes, J. L. Alves, Evaluation of strain and stress states in the single point incremental forming process, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 85 (2016) 521–534.
15
[16] Y. Li, William J. T. Daniel, Paul A. Meehan, Deformation analysis in single-point incremental forming through finite element simulation, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 88 (2017) 255–267.
16
[17] M. Honarpisheh, M. J. Abdolhoseini, S. Amini, Experimental and numerical investigation of the hot incremental forming of Ti-6Al-4V sheet using electrical current. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 83 (2016) 2027–2037.
17
[18] S. Amini, A. Hosseinpour Gollo, H. Paktinat, An investigation of conventional and ultrasonic-assisted incremental forming of annealed AA1050 sheet. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 90 (2017) 1569–1578.
18
[19] M. Vahdati, R. Mahdavinejad, S. Amini, Investigation of the ultrasonic vibration effect in incremental sheet metal forming process, Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231 (2015) 971–982.
19
[20] A. Formisano, L. Boccarusso, F. Capece Minutolo, L. Carrino, M. Durante, A. Langella, Negative and positive incremental forming: Comparison by geometrical, experimental, and FEM considerations, Materials and Manufacturing Processes 32 (2017) 530-536.
20
[21] K. A. Al-Ghamdi, G. Hussain, SPIF of Cu/Steel Clad Sheet, Annealing Effect on Bond Force and Formability, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 31 (2016) 758-763.
21
[22] H. T. Jiang, X. Q. Yan, J. X. Liu, X. G. Duan, Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical property of Ti−steel explosive-rolling clad plate, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 24 (2014) 697−704.
22
[23] N. Kahraman, B. Gulenc, Metallurgical and Corrosion Properties of Explosively Welded Ti6Al4V/Low Carbon Steel Clad, Journal of Material Science and Technology 21 (2005).
23
[24] M. Honarpisheh, J. Niksokhan, F. Nazari, Investigation of the effects of cold rolling on the mechanical properties of explosively-welded Al/St/Al multilayer sheet, Metallurgical Research & Technology 113.1 (2016): 105.
24
[25] M. Sedighi, M. Honarpisheh. Investigation of cold rolling influence on near surface residual stress distribution in explosive welded multilayer, Strength of Materials 44.6 (2012): 693-698.
25
[26] A. Petek, K. Kuzman, B. Suhač, Autonomous on-line system for fracture identification at incremental sheet forming. Cirp Ann Manuf Techn 58 (2009) 283-286.
26
[27] G. Ambrogio, L. Filice, F. Micari, A force measuring based strategy for failure prevention in incremental forming, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 177 (2006) 413-416.
27
[28] J. Duflou , Y. Tunc¸kol, A. Szekeres, P. Vanherck, Experimental study on force measurements for single point incremental forming, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 189 (2007) 65–72.
28
[29] H. Arfa, R. Bahloul, H. Bel Hadj Salah, Finite element modelling and experimental investigation of single point incremental forming process of aluminum sheets: influence of process parameters on punch force monitoring and on mechanical and geometrical quality of parts, International Journal of Material Forming 6 (2013) 483–510.
29
[30] G. Ambrogio, L. Filice, F. Gagliardi, F. Micari, Sheet thinning prediction in single point incremental forming, sheet metal 2005-proceeding of the 11th international conference. Erlangen-Nuremberg, Trans Tech Publications ltd, (2005) 479-486.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Grain Refinement of Dual Phase Steel via Tempering of Cold-Rolled Martensite
A microstructure consisting of ultrafine grained (UFG) ferrite with average grain size of ~ 0.7 µm and dispersed nano-sized carbides was produced by cold-rolling and tempering of the martensite starting microstructure in a low carbon steel. Subsequently, fine grained dual phase (DP) steel consisting of equiaxed ferrite grains with average size of ~ 5 µm and martensite islands with average size of ~ 3 µm was produced by intercritical annealing of this microstructure. Coarse grained DP steel with average ferrite grain size of ~ 20 µm and average martensite island size of ~ 5 µm was also produced by intercritical annealing of the as-received ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. The UFG microstructure showed high strength, low ductility, and poor work hardening response due to intense grain refinement. The fine grained DP steel had higher tensile strength and total elongation compared with the coarse grained one, which was related to the improved work-hardening behavior by microstructural refinement.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4825_39bdae8a989773d1ac04da8df91546e7.pdf
2018-04-01
19
25
10.22099/ijmf.2017.26349.1089
DP steels
Microstructure
Mechanical properties
Thermomechanical processing
M.
Najafi
m.najafi89@gmail.com
1
University of Tehran
AUTHOR
H.
Mirzadeh
hmirzadeh@ut.ac.ir
2
College of Engineering - University of Tehran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Alibeyki
m.alibeyki@ut.ac.ir
3
University of Tehran
AUTHOR
[1] H. Azizi-Alizamini, M. Militzer, W.J. Poole, Formation of ultrafine grained dual phase steels through rapid heating, ISIJ International 51 (2011) 958-964.
1
[2] C.C. Tasan, M. Diehl, D. Yan, M. Bechtold, F. Roters, L. Schemmann, C. Zheng, N. Peranio, D. Ponge, M. Koyama, K. Tsuzaki, D. Raabe, An overview of dual-phase steels: Advances in microstructure-oriented processing and micromechanically guided design, Annual Review of Materials Research 45 (2015) 19.1-19.41.
2
[3] H. Mirzadeh, M. Alibeyki, M. Najafi, Unraveling the initial microstructure effects on mechanical properties and work-hardening capacity of dual phase steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, in press.
3
[4] N. Saeidi, M. Karimi, M.R. Toroghinejad, Development of a new dual phase steel with laminated microstructural morphology, Materials Chemistry and Physics 192 (2017) 1-7.
4
[5] Y. Okitsu, N. Takata, N. Tsuji, Ultrafine ferrite formation through cold-rolling and annealing of low-carbon dual-phase steel, Materials Science and Technology 31 (2015) 745-754.
5
[6] M. Mazinani, W.J. Poole, Effect of martensite plasticity on the deformation behavior of a low-carbon dual-phase steel, Metallurgical and materials transactions A 38 (2007) 328-339.
6
[7] R. Kuziak, R. Kawalla, S. Waengler, Advanced high strength steels for automotive industry, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 8 (2008) 103-117.
7
[8] M. Calcagnotto, D. Ponge and D. Raabe, Effect of grain refinement to 1 μm on strength and toughness of dual-phase steels, Materials Science and Engineering A 527 (2010) 7832-7840.
8
[9] Y. Mazaheri, A. Kermanpur, A. Najafizadeh, Strengthening Mechanisms of Ultrafine Grained Dual Phase Steels Developed by New Thermomechanical Processing, ISIJ International 55 (2015) 218-226.
9
[10] H. Ashrafi, M. Shamanian, R. Emadi, N. Saeidi, A novel and simple technique for development of dual phase steels with excellent ductility, Materials Science and Engineering A 680 (2017) 197-202.
10
[11] S.A. Etesami, M.H. Enayati, Microstructural Evolution and Recrystallization Kinetics of a Cold-Rolled, Ferrite-Martensite Structure During Intercritical Annealing, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 47 (2016) 3271-3276.
11
[12] R. Ueji, N. Tsuji, Y. Minamino, Y. Koizumi, Ultragrain refinement of plain low carbon steel by cold rolling and annealing of martensite, Acta Materialia 50 (2002) 4177-4189.
12
[13] M. Najafi, H. Mirzadeh, M. Alibeyki, Toward unraveling the mechanisms responsible for the formation of ultrafine grained microstructure during tempering of cold rolled martensite, Materials Science and Engineering A 670 (2016) 252-255.
13
[14] H. F. Lan, W. J. Liu, X. H. Liu, Ultrafine Ferrite Grains Produced by Tempering Cold-rolled Martensite in Low Carbon and Microalloyed Steels, ISIJ International 47 (2007) 1652-1657.
14
[15] S. Malekjani, I.B. Timokhina, I. Sabirov, P.D. Hodgson, Deformation Behaviour of Ultrafine Grained Steel Produced by Cold Rolling of Martensite, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 48 (2009) 229-236.
15
[16] B. Pawłowski, Critical points of hypoeutectoid steel - prediction of the pearlite dissolution finish temperature Ac1f, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 49 (2011) 331-337.
16
[17] G.E. Dieter: Mechanical Metallurgy, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988.
17
[18] R. Song, D. Ponge, D. Raabe, Improvement of the work hardening rate of ultrafine grained steels through second phase particles, Scripta Materialia 52 (2005) 1075-1080.
18
[19] G. Krauss, Steels Processing, Structure, and Performance, 2nd edition, ASM International, 2015.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of die geometry for tube channel pressing
Since tubes have numerous industrial applications, different attempts are focused on the severe plastic deformation processes of tubes. As an illustration, tube channel pressing (TCP) is an attractive process for this purpose since it can be used for processing of different sizes of tubes. However, more attempts are needed to improve the outcomes of TCP. For example, imposing of a greater strain besides reductions of the strain heterogeneity are the challenges of this process. This work is aimed to optimize the die geometry of TCP through a finite element simulation procedure verified by experiments in order to increase the imposed strain as well as to decrease the strain heterogeneity. Results show that the increase of die curvature radius causes decrease of imposed plastic strain and increase of strain heterogeneity. In addition, the minimum amount of die convex height for imposing of a reasonable strain through TCP is calculated considering the tube thickness and the channel angle. Besides this, the optimum die geometry is recommended in order to minimize the strain heterogeneity.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4826_e3644c4109e6b4a2981c44c1b1d9a2a4.pdf
2018-04-01
26
35
10.22099/ijmf.2018.26954.1093
severe plastic deformation
Finite element simulation
Strain analysis
M. H.
Farshidi
farshidi@um.ac.ir
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] V.M. Segal, Material processing by simple shear, Material science Engineering A. 197 (1995) 157–164.
1
[2] R.Z. Valiev, N.A. Krasilnikov, N.K. Tsenev, Plastic deformation of alloys with submicron-grained structure, Materials Science Engineering A. 137 (1991) 35-40.
2
[3] N. Tsuji, Y. Saito, H. Utsunomiya, S. Tanigawa, Ultrafine grained bulk steel produced by Accumulative Roll-Bonding (ARB) process, Scripta Materialia 40 (1999) 795–800.
3
[4] Y. Estrin, A. Vinogradov, Extreme grain refinement by severe plastic deformation: A wealth of challenging science, Acta Materialia 61 (2013) 782–817.
4
[5] M.S. Mohebbi, A. Akbarzadeh, Accumulative spin bonding (ASB) as a novel SPD process for fabrication of nanostructured tubes, Materials Science Engineering A 528 (2010) 180–188.
5
[6] L.S. Toth, M. Arzaghi, J.J. Fundenberger, B. Beausir, O. Bouaziz, R.A. Massion, Severe plastic deformation of metals by high-pressure tube twisting, Scripta Materialia 60 (2009) 175–177.
6
[7] A.V. Nagasekhar, U. Chakkingal, P. Venugopal, Candidature of equal channel angular pressing for processing of tubular commercial purity-titanium, Journal of Materials Processing Technologies, 173 (2006) 53–60.
7
[8] A.V. Nagasekhar, U. Chakkingal, P. Venugopal, Equal Channel Angular Extrusion of Tubular Aluminum Alloy Specimens—Analysis of Extrusion Pressures and Mechanical Properties, Journal of Manufacturing Processes 8 (2006) 112-120.
8
[9] A. Zangiabadi, M. Kazeminezhad, Development of a Novel Severe Plastic Deformation Method for Tubular Materials: Tube Channel Pressing (TCP), Materials Science and Engineering A 528 (2011) 5066-5072.
9
[10] M.H. Farshidi, M. Kazeminezhad, The effects of die geometry in tube channel pressing: Severe plastic deformation, Journal of Materials: Design and Application 230 (2016) 263–272.
10
[11] M.H. Farshidi, New geometry for TCP: severe plastic deformation of tubes, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 3 (2016) 64-78.
11
[12] M. Javidikia, R. Hashemi, Analysis and Simulation of Parallel Tubular Channel AngularPressing of Al 5083 Tube, Transaction of the Indian Institute of Metals, accepted and awaiting publishing, DOI: 10.1007/s12666-017-1117-7.
12
[13] G. Faraji, F. Reshadi, M. Baniasadi, A New Approach for Achieving Excellent Strain Homogeneity in Tubular Channel Angular Pressing (TCAP) Process, Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing 2 (2014) 3-12.
13
[14] M.H. Farshidi, M. Kazeminezhad, Deformation behavior of 6061 aluminum alloy through tube channel pressing: Severe plastic deformation, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 21 (2012) 2099–2105.
14
[15] M.H. Farshidi, M. Kazeminezhad, H. Miyamoto, Microstructrual evolution of aluminum 6061 alloy through Tube Channel Pressing, Materials Science and Engineering A 615 (2014) 139-147.
15
[16] M. Kazeminezhad, E. Hosseini, Modeling of induced empirical constitutive relations on materials with FCC, BCC, and HCP crystalline structures: severe plastic deformation, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies 47 (2010) 1033–1039.
16
[17] A. Kacem, A. Krichen, P.Y. Manach, S. Thuillier, J.W. Yoon, Failure prediction in the hole-flanging process of aluminium alloys, Engineering Fracture Mechanics 99 (2013) 251–265.
17
[18] M. Reihanian, R. Ebrahimi, M.M. Moshksar, D. Terada, N. Tsuji, Microstructure quantification and correlation with flow stress of ultrafine grained commercially pure Al fabricated by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), Materials Characterization 59 (2008) 1312–1323.
18
[19] N. Medeiros, L.P. Moreira, J.D. Bressan, J.F.C. Lins, J.P. Gouvea, Upper-bound sensitivity analysis of the ECAE process, Materials Science and Engineering A 527 (2010) 2831–2844.
19
[20] C.J. Luis Perez, On the correct selection of the channel die in ECAP processes, Scripta Materialia 50 (2004) 387–393.
20
[21] V. Patil Basavaraj, U. Chakkingal, T.S. Prasanna Kumar, Effect of geometric parameters on strain, strain inhomogeneity and peak pressure in equal channel angular pressing – A study based on 3D finite element analysis, Journal of Manufacturing Process 17 (2015) 88–97.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Quantitative analysis of thermo-mechanical behavior in 414 stainless steel using flow curves and processing maps
The hot deformation behavior of a typical martensitic stainless steel containing 2.1% Ni was investigated by means of the compression test in the strain rate range of 0.001-1 s-1 and temperature range of 950-1150 °C. The flow behavior of the steel was evaluated using the flow stress curves and flow softening map and by microstructural investigation. Taking into account of the strain effect on the hot deformation behavior, the Z and Q maps were plotted as a function of the strain rate and the strain. In order to obtain the optimum hot deformation regime, the m-map was constructed. It was found that, all restoration mechanisms i.e. dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization phenomena take place at different hot working conditions. It was also found that, the dominant softening mechanism at different hot deformation domain depends upon Z parameter. According to the flow curves and also Z, Q and m maps, the optimum hot deformation conditions have been obtained as: strain range of 0.25-0.5, the temperature range of 1000-1100 °C and strain rate of 0.01-0.1 s-1.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4827_c179837ee1bf62d4416d233705f97e2c.pdf
2018-04-01
36
46
10.22099/ijmf.2018.26530.1092
Martensitic stainless steel
Flow curves
Processing maps
Strain effect
M.
Chegini
mo_chegini@metaleng.iust.ac.ir
1
School of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
M.R.
Aboutalebi
mrezab@iust.ac.ir
2
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology(IUST), Tehran
LEAD_AUTHOR
S.H.
Seyedein
seyedein@iust.ac.ir
3
School of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
G.R.
Ebrahimi
ebrahimi@hsu.ac.ir
4
Materials and Polymers Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] G.R. Ebrahimi, A. Momeni, M. Jahazi, P. Bocher, Dynamic recrystallization and precipitation in 13Cr super-martensitic stainless steels, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45 (2014) 2219-2231.
1
[2] M. Zeinali, E. Shafiei, R. Hosseini, K. Farmanesh, A. Soltanipoor, E. Maghsodi, Hot Deformation Behavior of 17-7 PH Stainless Steel, Iranian Journal of Materials forming 4(1) (2017) 1-11.
2
[3] C.H. Fan, Y.B. Peng, H.T. Yang, Z. Wei, H.G. Yan, Hot deformation behavior of Al–9.0 Mg–0.5 Mn–0.1 Ti alloy based on processing maps, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 27 (2017) 289-297.
3
[4] K.K. Saxena, V. Pancholi, G.P. Chaudhari, D. Srivastava, G.K. Dey, S.K. Jha, N. Saibaba, Hot Deformation Behaviour and Microstructural Evaluation of Zr-1Nb Alloy, Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publ (2017) 319-322.
4
[5] M. Mishra, I. Balasundar, A. Rao, B. Kashyap, N. Prabhu, On the High Temperature Deformation Behaviour of 2507 Super Duplex Stainless Steel, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 26 (2017) 802-812.
5
[6] I. Balasundar, K. Ravi, T. Raghu, On the high temperature deformation behaviour of titanium alloy BT3-1, Materials Science and Engineering: A 684 (2017) 135-145.
6
[7] D. Cai, L. Xiong, W. Liu, G. Sun, M. Yao, Characterization of hot deformation behavior of a Ni-base superalloy using processing map, Materials & Design 30 (2009) 921-925.
7
[8] O. Sivakesavam, Y. Prasad, Hot deformation behaviour of as-cast Mg–2Zn–1Mn alloy in compression: a study with processing map, Materials Science and Engineering: A 362 (2003) 118-124.
8
[9] Z. Du, S. Jiang, K. Zhang, The hot deformation behavior and processing map of Ti–47.5 Al–Cr–V alloy, Materials & Design 86 (2015) 464-473.
9
[10] Y. Zhang, Z. Chai, A.A. Volinsky, B. Tian, H. Sun, P. Liu, Y. Liu, Processing maps for the Cu-Cr-Zr-Y alloy hot deformation behavior, Materials Science and Engineering: A 662 (2016) 320-329.
10
[11] T. Xi, C. Yang, M.B. Shahzad, K. Yang, Study of the processing map and hot deformation behavior of a Cu-bearing 317LN austenitic stainless steel, Materials & Design 87 (2015) 303-312.
11
[12] Q. Yang, X. Wang, X. Li, Z. Deng, Z. Jia, Z. Zhang, G. Huang, Q. Liu, Hot deformation behavior and microstructure of AA2195 alloy under plane strain compression, Materials Characterization (2017).
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[13] H. Wu, S. Wen, H. Huang, X. Wu, K. Gao, W. Wang, Z. Nie, Hot deformation behavior and constitutive equation of a new type Al–Zn–Mg–Er–Zr alloy during isothermal compression, Materials Science and Engineering: A 651 (2016) 415-424.
13
[14] P. Zhou, Q. Ma, J. Luo, Hot deformation behavior of as-cast 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel using processing maps, Metals 7 (2017) 50.
14
[15] F.J. Humphreys, M. Hatherly, Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena, Elsevier (2012).
15
[16] C. Shi, J. Lai, X. Chen, Microstructural evolution and dynamic softening mechanisms of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy during hot compressive deformation, Materials 7 (2014) 244-264.
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[17] J. Castellanos, I. Rieiro, M. Carsí, J. Muñoz, M. El Mehtedi, O.A. Ruano, Analysis of adiabatic heating and its influence on the Garofalo equation parameters of a high nitrogen steel, Materials Science and Engineering: A 517 (2009) 191-196.
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[18] P. Wanjara, M. Jahazi, H. Monajati, S. Yue, J. P. Immarigeon, Hot working behavior of near-α alloy IMI834, Materials Science and Engineering: A 396 (2005) 50-60.
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[19] C. Zener, J.H. Hollomon, Effect of strain rate upon plastic flow of steel, Journal of Applied physics 15 (1944) 22-32.
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[20] C. Sellars, W.M. Tegart, Hot workability, International Metallurgical Reviews, 17 (1972) 1-24.
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[21] K.A. Babu, S. Mandal, A. Kumar, C. Athreya, B. De Boer, V.S. Sarma, Characterization of hot deformation behavior of alloy 617 through kinetic analysis, dynamic material modeling and microstructural studies, Materials Science and Engineering: A 664 (2016) 177-187.
21
[22] S. Samal, M. Rahul, R.S. Kottada, G. Phanikumar, Hot deformation behaviour and processing map of Co-Cu-Fe-Ni-Ti eutectic high entropy alloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A 664 (2016) 227-235.
22
[23] X. Xin, L.M. Dong, Z.Q. Zhang, Y. Rui, Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of beta C titanium alloy in β phase field, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 26 (2016) 2874-2882.
23
[24] D. Trimble, G. O'donnell, Flow stress prediction for hot deformation processing of 2024Al-T3 alloy, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 26 (2016) 1232-1250.
24
[25] A. Mohamadizadeh, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, H.R. Abedi, Modified constitutive analysis and activation energy evolution of a low-density steel considering the effects of deformation parameters, Mechanics of Materials 95 (2016) 60-70.
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[26] Y. Lin, L.-T. Li, Y.-C. Xia, Y.-Q. Jiang, Hot deformation and processing map of a typical Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 550 (2013) 438-445.
26
[27] P. Zhang, C. Hu, C.-g. Ding, Q. Zhu, H.-y. Qin, Plastic deformation behavior and processing maps of a Ni-based superalloy, Materials & Design (1980-2015) 65 (2015) 575-584.
27
[28] Y. Prasad, S. Sasidhara, Hot Working Guide (ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio), (1997).
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[29] D. X. Wen, Y. Lin, H.B. Li, X. M. Chen, J. Deng, L. T. Li, Hot deformation behavior and processing map of a typical Ni-based superalloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 591 (2014) 183-192.
29
[30] G. Ji, F. Li, Q. Li, H. Li, Z. Li, Development and validation of a processing map for Aermet100 steel, Materials Science and Engineering: A 527 (2010) 1165-1171.
30
[31] A. Momeni, K. Dehghani, Characterization of hot deformation behavior of 410 martensitic stainless steel using constitutive equations and processing maps, Materials Science and Engineering: A 527 (2010) 5467-5473.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prediction of Bending Angle for Laser Forming of Tailor Machined Blanks by Neural Network
Tailor-made blanks are sheet metal assemblies with different thicknesses and/or materials and/or surface coatings. A monolithic sheet can be machined to make the required thickness variations that is referred as tailor machined blanks. Due to the thickness variation in tailor machined blanks, laser bending of these blanks is more complicated than monolithic plates. In this article, laser forming of tailor machined blanks is investigated and an artificial neural network (ANN) will be configured to predict the bending angle of laser formed tailor machined blanks. The input parameters of neural network are selected as start point of scan path, laser irradiating method, laser beam diameter, laser output power and number of radiation passes. The results show that a 5×8×1 trained neural network can predict the bending angle with acceptable accuracy. Comparison of the randomly selected tests with experimental results shows 1.1% error in the prediction of bending angle by trained artificial neural network.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4828_c2fa8de04f777a58271f66c029f894e6.pdf
2018-04-01
47
57
10.22099/ijmf.2018.28561.1097
Tailor machined blank
Laser forming
Artificial Neural Network
Bending angle
M.
Safari
m.safari@arakut.ac.ir
1
Arak University of Technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
J.
Joudaki
joudaki@arakut.ac.ir
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ Arak University of Technology
AUTHOR
[1] W. Shichun, Z. Jinsong, An experimental study of laser bending for sheet metals, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 110 (2001) 160–163.
1
[2] J.D. Majumdara, A.K. Nath, I. Manna, Studies on laser bending of stainless steel, Materials Science and Engineering A 385 (2004) 113–122.
2
[3] B.N. Fetene, V. Kumar, U.S. Dixit, R. Echempati, Numerical and experimental study on multi-pass laser bending of AH36 steel strips, Optics & Laser Technology 99 (2018) 291–300.
3
[4] K. Maji, D.K. Pratihar, A.K. Nath, Experimental investigations and statistical analysis of pulsed laser bending of AISI 304 stainless steel sheet, Optics & Laser Technology 49 (2013) 18–27.
4
[5] B.S. Yilbas, S.S. Akhtar, Laser bending of metal sheet and thermal stress analysis, Optics & Laser Technology 61 (2014) 34–44.
5
[6] A. Gisario, M. Barletta, S. Venettacci, Improvements in springback control by external force laser-assisted sheet bending of titanium and aluminum alloys, Optics & Laser Technology 86 (2016) 46–53.
6
[7] X.Y. Wang, W.X. Xu, W.J. Xu, Y.F. Hu, Y.D. Liang, L.J. Wang, Simulation and prediction in laser bending of silicon sheet, Transaction of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 21 (2011) s188−s193.
7
[8] X.Y. Wang, J. Wang, W.J. Xu, D.M. Guo, Scanning path planning for laser bending ofstraight tube into curve tube, Optics & Laser Technology 56 (2014) 43–51.
8
[9] S.S. Chakraborty, H. More, A.K. Nath, Laser forming of a bowl-shaped surface with a stationary laser beam, Optics and Lasers in Engineering 77 (2016) 126–136.
9
[10] M. Kreimeyer, F. Wagner, F. Vollertsen, Laser processing of aluminum–titanium tailored blanks, Optics and Lasers in Engineering 43 (2005) 1021–1035.
10
[11] M. Merklein, M. Johannes, M. Lechner, A. Kuppert, A review on tailored blanks-production, applications and evaluation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 214 (2014) 151– 164.
11
[12] A.A. Zadpoor, J. Sinke, R. Benedictus, Experimental and numerical study of machined aluminum tailor-made blanks, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 200 (2008) 288–299.
12
[13] M. Safari, M. Farzin, Experimental and numerical investigation of laser bending of tailor machined blanks, Optics and Laser Technology 48 (2013) 513–522.
13
[14] M. Safari, H. Mostaan, M. Farzin, Laser bending of tailor machined blanks: Effect of start point of scan path and irradiation direction relation to step of the blank, Alexandria Engineering Journal 55 (2016) 1587–1594.
14
[15] R.D. Averett, M.L. Realff, K.I. Jacob, Comparative post fatigue residual property predictions of reinforced and unreinforced poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers using artificial neural networks, Composites: Part A 41 (2010) 331–344.
15
[16] Y. Han, W. Zeng, Y. Zhao, X. Zhang, Y. Sun, X. Ma, Modeling of constitutive relationship of Ti–25V–15Cr–0.2Si alloy during hot deformation process by fuzzy-neural network, Materials and Design 31 (2010) 4380–4385.
16
[17] O. Sabokpa, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, H.R. Abedi, N. Haghdadi, Artificial neural network modeling to predict the high temperature flow behavior of an AZ81 magnesium alloy, Materials and Design 39 (2012) 390–396.
17
[18] N. Haghdadi, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, A.R. Khalesian, H.R. Abedi, Artificial neural network modeling to predict the hot deformation behavior of an A356 aluminum alloy, Materials and Design 49 (2013) 386–391.
18
[19] F. Abbassi, T. Belhadj, S. Mistou, A. Zghal, Parameter identification of a mechanical ductile damage using Artificial Neural Networks in sheet metal forming, Materials and Design 45 (2013) 605–615.
19
[20] P.J. Cheng, S.C. Lin, Using neural networks to predict bending angle of sheet metal formed by laser, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 40 (2000) 1185–1197.
20
[21] A. Gisario, M. Barletta, C. Conti, S. Guarino, Springback control in sheet metal bending by laser-assisted bending: Experimental analysis, empirical and neural network modeling, Optics and Lasers in Engineering 49 (2011) 1372–1383.
21
[22] M. Safari, M. Farzin, H. Mostaan, A novel method for laser forming of two-step bending of a dome shaped part, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 4 (2017) 1–14.
22
[23] M. Safari, M. Ebrahimi, Numerical investigation of laser bending of perforated sheets, International Journal of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology 9 (2016) 53–60.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Deep Drawing Process in Square Section of Single-Layer and Two-Layer Sheet
Deep drawing of two-layer sheet is a suitable way to achieve product with a desired shape and desired properties in sheet metal forming technology. Control of deep drawing parameter such as thinning is the most important challenge in this process. The most difficult part of this challenge is differences in material properties and geometry of each layer. In this paper, numerical approach has been exploited to plan and control of two layer deep drawing process. For this purpose, the three-dimensional (3D) finite element has been used. ST14– Al1100 (A.I. and S.I. lay-up) were selected as materials of two layer sheet metal. The results of simulation have been validated with experiments. Based on numerical study, effect of process parameters on the percentage of thinning, maximum plastic strain, rupture, required forming force and blank holder force (BHF) has been studied. This study has also been done on one-layer sheet metal and differences between deep drawing of one-layer and two-layer sheets have been comprehensively investigated. The results showed that maximum thinning is occurred in the upper layer of die radial region as well as in the lower layer of punch radial region. Also, the maximum equivalent plastic strain in the lower layer is more than the maximum of equivalent plastic strain in the upper layer.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4829_7ad6c49e8cebe4fc41fd7189470f4291.pdf
2018-04-01
58
70
10.22099/ijmf.2018.27645.1095
Deep drawing
two layer sheet
Finite element method
Equivalent plastic strain
Forming Force
S.
Mazdak
s.mazdak@tafreshu.ac.ir
1
Mechanical Engineering, Tafresh University, Tafresh, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
E.
Sharifi
sharifi@tafreshu.ac.ir
2
Mechanical Engineering, Tafresh University, Tafresh, Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Moradi
saman.mb91@gmail.com
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, Tafresh University, Tafresh, Iran
AUTHOR
M.R.
Sheykholeslami
m-sheykholeslami@araku.ac.ir
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] F. W. Hosford, R. M. Caddell, Metal forming: mechanics and metallurgy, Cambridge University Press, (2011) 225-228.
1
[2] M. Safari, M. Farzin, H. Mostaan, A novel method for laser forming of two-step bending of a dome shaped part, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 4(2) (2017) 1-14.
2
[3] M. Safari, Two Point Incremental Forming of a Complicated Shape with Negative and Positive Dies, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 4(2) (201751-61.
3
[4] M. Sheykholeslami, S. Cinquemani, S. Mazdak, Numerical study of the of ultrasonic vibration in deep drawing process of circular sections with rubber die. In Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems XII, International Society for Optics and Photonics 10595 (2018) 539.
4
[5] S. Kathiravan, A. N. Sait, M. Ravichandran, Experimental Investigation on Stretchability of an Austentic Stainless Steel 316L, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 3(1) (2016) 55-64.
5
[6] H. Vafaeenezhad, S.H. Seyedein, M.R. Aboutalebi, A. R. Eivani, Workability Study in Near-Peritectic Sn-5% Sb Lead-Free Solder Alloy Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 3(2) (2016) 39-51
6
[7] M.R. Morovvati, A. Fatemi, M. Sadighi, Experimental and finite element investigation on wrinkling of circular single layer and two-layer sheet metals in deep drawing process, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 54(1) (2011) 113-121.
7
[8] A. G. Mamalis, D. E. Manolakos, A. K. Baldoukas, Simulation of sheet metal forming using explicit finite-element techniques: effect of material and forming characteristics: part 1. Deep-drawing of cylindrical cups, Journal of materials processing technology 72(1) (1997) 48-60.
8
[9] A. G. Mamalis, D. E. Manolakos, A. K. Baldoukas, Simulation of sheet metal forming using explicit finite element techniques: effect of material and forming characteristics: Part 2. Deep-drawing of square cups, Journal of Materials processing technology 72(1) (1997) 110-116.
9
[10] P. Mohammad Habibi, K. Yamaguchi, N. Takakura, Redrawing analysis of aluminum–stainless-steel laminated sheet using FEM simulations and experiments, International journal of mechanical sciences 43(10) (2001) 2331-2347.
10
[11] M. T. Browne, M. T. Hillary, Optimizing the variables when deep-drawing CR 1 cups, Journal of materials processing technology 136(1) (2003) 64-71.
11
[12] S. Çağlar, A. Erman Tekkaya, C. Hakan Gür, Comparison of the deepdrawability of aluminum and steel using numerical simulation experiments, AIP Conference Proceedings 778(1) AIP (2005).
12
[13] F. Fereshteh-Saniee, A. Alavi-Nia, A. Atrian-Afyani, An experimental investigation on the deep drawing process of steel–brass bimetal sheets. Proceedings of metal forming. Krakow, Poland, Conference, Conference. (2008) 63-70
13
[14] Aghchai, A. Jalali, M. Shakeri, B. Mollaei-Dariani, Theoretical and experimental formability study of two-layer metallic sheet (Al1100/St12), Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 222(9) (2008) 1131-1138.
14
[15] S. Raju, G. Ganesan, R. Karthikeyan, Influence of variables in deep drawing of AA 6061 sheet, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 20(10) (2010) 1856-1862.
15
[16] H. Li, J. Chen, J. Yang, Experiment and numerical simulation on delamination during the laminated steel sheet forming processes, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 68 (2013).
16
[17] A. Atrian, F. Fereshteh-Saniee, Deep drawing process of steel/brass laminated sheets, Composites Part B: Engineering 47 (2013) 75-81.
17
[18] R. Safdarian, M.J. Torkamany, A Novel Approach for Formability Prediction of Tailor Welded Blank, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 3(2) (2016) 1-12
18
[19] H. Deilami Azodi, R. Darabi, A Comparative Study on the Formability Prediction of two-layer metallic Sheets, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 4(1) (2017) 39-51.
19
[20] M. Mahmoodi, H. Sohrabi, Using the Taguchi Method for Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Square-Cup Deep-Drawing Process for Aluminum/Steel Laminated Sheets, Mechanics of Advanced Composite Structures 4(2) (2017) 169-177.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Ten years of severe plastic deformation (SPD) in Iran, part I: equal channel angular pressing (ECAP)
The superior properties of ultrafine-grained materials fabricated by severe plastic deformation (SPD) have attracted the attention of many researchers around the world. Among the top-ranked countries that are active in this field, Iran is interesting because of the late beginnings of SPD in this country and, subsequently, the highest rate of growth in the number of publications during the last decade. The first Iranian work published in the field of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) goes back to 2007, meaning that SPD research covers a period of only about ten years. Nevertheless, since that time there has been an increasing growth rate in the number of Iranian publications dealing with ECAP and especially the introduction of new methods based on ECAP and simulation of the method. The present overview is designed to summarize the main contributions from Iran in the field of ECAP processing. Interestingly, the main contribution of Iranian researchers in ECAP is focused on simulation/modelling and the introduction of new methods of SPD based on ECAP.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4830_7d49e2d7da4ce7efa8ff4c424496ae39.pdf
2018-04-01
71
113
10.22099/ijmf.2018.28756.1101
severe plastic deformation
Equal-channel angular pressing
Ultrafine-grained materials
Mechanical properties
E.
Bagherpour
ebad.bagherpour@brunel.ac.uk
1
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Reihanian
m.reihanian@scu.ac.ir
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
N.
Pardis
pardis@shirazu.ac.ir
3
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
R.
Ebrahimi
ebrahimy@shirazu.ac.ir
4
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Iran.
AUTHOR
T.G.
Langdon
langdon@usc.edu
5
Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK & Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering University of Southern California
AUTHOR
[1] R.Z. Valiev, R.K. Islamgaliev, I.V. Alexandrov, Bulk nanostructured materials from severe plastic deformation, Progress in materials science 45(2) (2000) 103-189.
1
[2] V. Segal, V. Reznikov, A. Dobryshevshiy, V. Kopylov, Plastic working of metals by simple shear, Russian Metallurgy (Metally) (1) (1981) 99-105.
2
[3] A.R. Eivani, A.K. Taheri, A new method for producing bimetallic rods, Materials Letters 61(19-20) (2007) 4110-4113.
3
[4] A.R. Eivani, A.K. Taheri, A new method for estimating strain in equal channel angular extrusion, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 183(1) (2007) 148-153.
4
[5] A.R. Eivani, A.K. Taheri, An upper bound solution of ECAE process with outer curved corner, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 182(1-3) (2007) 555-563.
5
[6] A. Eivani, A.K. Taheri, The effect of dead metal zone formation on strain and extrusion force during equal channel angular extrusion, Computational Materials Science 42(1) (2008) 14-20.
6
[7] A.R. Eivani, A.K. Taheri, The effect of dead metal zone formation on strain and extrusion force during equal channel angular extrusion, Computational Materials Science 42(1) (2008) 14-20.
7
[8] M. Kazeminezhad, Simulation the ultra-fine microstructure evolution during annealing of metal processed by ECAP, Computational Materials Science 43(2) (2008) 309-312.
8
[9] M. Kazeminezhad, E. Hosseini, Coupling kinetic dislocation model and Monte Carlo algorithm for recrystallized microstructure modeling of severely deformed copper, Journal of Materials Science 43(18) (2008) 6081-6086.
9
[10] M. Paydar, M. Reihanian, E. Bagherpour, M. Sharifzadeh, M. Zarinejad, T. Dean, Consolidation of Al particles through forward extrusion-equal channel angular pressing (FE-ECAP), Materials letters 62(17-18) (2008) 3266-3268.
10
[11] M. Paydar, M. Reihanian, E. Bagherpour, M. Sharifzadeh, M. Zarinejad, T. Dean, Equal channel angular pressing–forward extrusion (ECAP–FE) consolidation of Al particles, Materials & Design 30(3) (2009) 429-432.
11
[12] M.H. Paydar, M. Reihanian, R. Ebrahimi, T.A. Dean, M.M. Moshksar, An upper-bound approach for equal channel angular extrusion with circular cross-section, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 198(1-3) (2008) 48-53.
12
[13] M. Reihanian, R. Ebrahimi, M.M. Moshksar, D. Terada, N. Tsuji, Microstructure quantification and correlation with flow stress of ultrafine grained commercially pure Al fabricated by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), Materials Characterization 59(9) (2008) 1312-1323.
13
[14] M. Reihanian, R. Ebrahimi, N. Tsuji, M.M. Moshksar, Analysis of the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of nanostructured commercially pure Al processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing 473(1-2) (2008) 189-194.
14
[15] S. Ashouri, M. Nili-Ahmadabadi, M. Moradi, M. Iranpour, Semi-solid microstructure evolution during reheating of aluminum A356 alloy deformed severely by ECAP, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 466(1-2) (2008) 67-72.
15
[16] M.R.M. Garabagh, S.H. Nedjad, M.N. Ahmadabadi, X-ray diffraction study on a nanostructured 18Ni maraging steel prepared by equal-channel angular pressing, Journal of Materials Science 43(21) (2008) 6840-6847.
16
[17] M.R.M. Garabagh, S.H. Nedjad, H. Shirazi, M.I. Mobarekeh, M.N. Ahmadabadi, X-ray diffraction peak profile analysis aiming at better understanding of the deformation process and deformed structure of a martensitic steel, Thin Solid Films 516(22) (2008) 8117-8124.
17
[18] H. Meidani, S.H. Nedjad, M.N. Ahmadabadi, A Novel Process for Fabrication of Globular Structure by Equal Channel Angular Pressing and Isothermal Treatment of Semisolid Metal, Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites Xed., G. Hirt, A. Rassili, A. BuhrigPolaczek, Eds., 2008, pp 445-450.
18
[19] M.I. Mobarake, M. Nili-Ahmadabadi, B. Poorganji, A. Fatehi, H. Shirazi, T. Furuhara, H. Parsa, S.H. Nedjad, Microstructural study of an age hardenable martensitic steel deformed by equal channel angular pressing, Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing 491(1-2) (2008) 172-176.
19
[20] M. Moradi, M. Nili-Ahmadabadi, B. Heidarian, M.H. Parsa, Study of ECAP Processing Routes on Semi-solid Microstructure Evolution of A356 Alloy, Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites Xed., G. Hirt, A. Rassili, A. BuhrigPolaczek, Eds., 2008, pp 397-402.
20
[21] S.H. Nedjad, H. Meidania, M.N. Ahmadabadi, Effect of equal channel angular pressing on the microstructure of a semisolid aluminum alloy, Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing 475(1-2) (2008) 224-228.
21
[22] M.H. Parsa, M. Naderi, M. Nili-Ahmadabadi, H. Asadpour, The Evolution of Strain during Equal Channel Angular Pressing, International Journal of Material Forming 1 (2008) 93-96.
22
[23] R. Mahmudi, H. Mhjoubi, P. Mehraram, Superplastic indentation creep of fine-grained Sn-1% Bi alloy, International Journal of Modern Physics B 22(18-19) (2008) 2823-2832.
23
[24] M. Hoseini, M. Meratian, H.L. Li, J.A. Szpunar, Texture simulation of aluminum rod during equal channel angular pressing, Journal of Materials Science 43(13) (2008) 4561-4566.
24
[25] M. Hoseini, M. Meratian, M.R. Toroghinejad, J.A. Szpunar, Texture contribution in grain refinement effectiveness of different routes during ECAP, Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing 497(1-2) (2008) 87-92.
25
[26] A. Zirulnick, Sanction Qaddafi? How 5 nations have reacted to sanctions., The Christian Science Monitored., FEBRUARY 24, 2011
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[27] S. Saeidnia, M. Abdollahi, Consequences of International Sanctions on Iranian Scientists and the Basis of Science, Hepatitis Monthly 13(9) (2013) e14843.
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28
[29] R.Z. Valiev, T.G. Langdon, Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement, Progress in Materials Science 51(7) (2006) 881-981.
29
[30] R.Z. Valiev, Y. Estrin, Z. Horita, T.G. Langdon, M.J. Zehetbauer, Y.T. Zhu, Producing bulk ultrafine-grained materials by severe plastic deformation, JOM 58(4) (2006) 33-39.
30
[31] I.J. Beyerlein, L.S. Tóth, Texture evolution in equal-channel angular extrusion, Progress in Materials Science 54(4) (2009) 427-510.
31
[32] R.B. Figueiredo, T.G. Langdon, Fabricating Ultrafine-Grained Materials through the Application of Severe Plastic Deformation: a Review of Developments in Brazil, Journal of Materials Research and Technology 1(1) (2012) 55-62.
32
[33] M. Kawasaki, T.G. Langdon, Review: achieving superplastic properties in ultrafine-grained materials at high temperatures, Journal of Materials Science 51(1) (2015) 19-32.
33
[34] A. Eivani, A.K. Taheri, A new method for producing bimetallic rods, Materials Letters 61(19-20) (2007) 4110-4113.
34
[35] B. Tolaminejad, F. Brisset, T. Baudin, Iop, EBSD study of the microstructure evolution in a commercially pure aluminium severely deformed by ECAP, Emas 2011: 12th European Workshop on Modern Developments in Microbeam Analysised., 2012
35
[36] B. Tolaminejad, K. Dehghani, Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of nanostructured AA1070 aluminum after equal channel angular extrusion, Materials & Design 34 (2012) 285-292.
36
[37] M. Hoseini, M. Meratian, M.R. Toroghinejad, J.A. Szpunar, The role of grain orientation in microstructure evolution of pure aluminum processed by equal channel angular pressing, Materials Characterization 61(12) (2010) 1371-1378.
37
[38] F. Djavanroodi, M. Ebrahimi, B. Rajabifar, S. Akramizadeh, Fatigue design factors for ECAPed materials, Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing 528(2) (2010) 745-750.
38
[39] F. Djavanroodi, B. Omranpour, M. Ebrahimi, M. Sedighi, Designing of ECAP parameters based on strain distribution uniformity, Progress in Natural Science-Materials International 22(5) (2012) 452-460.
39
[40] F. Djavanroodi, H. Ahmadian, K. Koohkan, R. Naseri, Ultrasonic assisted-ECAP, Ultrasonics 53(6) (2013) 1089-1096.
40
[41] M. Moradi, M. Nili-Ahmadabadi, B. Poorganji, B. Heidarian, M.H. Parsa, T. Furuhara, Recrystallization behavior of ECAPed A356 alloy at semi-solid reheating temperature, Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing 527(16-17) (2010) 4113-4121.
41
[42] M. Moradi, M. Nili-Ahmadabadi, B. Heidarian, IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AL (A356) CAST ALLOY PROCESSED BY ECAP WITH DIFFERENT HEAT TREATMENTS, International Journal of Material Forming 2 (2009) 85-88.
42
[43] M. Moradi, M. Nili-Ahmadabadi, B. Poorganji, B. Heidarian, T. Furuhara, EBSD and DTA Characterization of A356 Alloy Deformed by ECAP During Reheating and Partial Re-melting, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 45A(3) (2014) 1540-1551.
43
[44] M.R. Roshan, S.A.J. Jahromi, R. Ebrahimi, Predicting the critical pre-aging time in ECAP processing of age-hardenable aluminum alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509(30) (2011) 7833-7839.
44
[45] M.H. Goodarzy, H. Arabi, M.A. Boutorabi, S.H. Seyedein, S.H.H. Najafabadi, The effects of room temperature ECAP and subsequent aging on mechanical properties of 2024 Al alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 585 (2014) 753-759.
45
[46] M. Vaseghi, A.K. Taheri, H.S. Kim, An electron back-scattered diffraction study on the microstructure evolution of severely deformed aluminum Al6061 alloy, 6th International Conference on Nanomaterials by Severe Plastic Deformationed., B. Beausir, O. Bouaziz, E. Bouzy, T. Grosdidier, L.S. Toth, Eds., 2014
46
[47] M. Vaseghi, A.K. Taheri, S.I. Hong, H.S. Kim, Dynamic ageing and the mechanical response of Al-Mg-Si alloy through equal channel angular pressing, Materials & Design 31(9) (2010) 4076-4082.
47
[48] A. Shokuhfar, O. Nejadseyfi, The Influence of Friction on the Processing of Ultrafine-Grained/Nanostructured Materials by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23(3) (2014) 1038-1048.
48
[49] O. Nejadseyfi, A. Shokuhfar, A. Dabiri, A. Azimi, Combining equal-channel angular pressing and heat treatment to obtain enhanced corrosion resistance in 6061 aluminum alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 648 (2015) 912-918.
49
[50] A. Shokuhfar, O. Nejadseyfi, A comparison of the effects of severe plastic deformation and heat treatment on the tensile properties and impact toughness of aluminum alloy 6061, Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing 594 (2014) 140-148.
50
[51] O. Nejadseyfi, A. Shokuhfar, A. Azimi, M. Shamsborhan, Improving homogeneity of ultrafine-grained/nanostructured materials produced by ECAP using a bevel-edge punch, Journal of Materials Science 50(3) (2015) 1513-1522.
51
[52] A.A. Khamei, K. Dehghani, Hot Ductility of Severe Plastic Deformed AA6061 Aluminum Alloy, Acta Metallurgica Sinica-English Letters 28(3) (2015) 322-330.
52
[53] A.A. Khamei, K. Dehghani, R. Mahmudi, Modeling the Hot Ductility of AA6061 Aluminum Alloy After Severe Plastic Deformation, Jom 67(5) (2015) 966-972.
53
[54] M. Vaseghi, H.S. Kim, A.K. Taheri, A. Momeni, Inhomogeneity Through Warm Equal Channel Angular Pressing, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 22(6) (2013) 1666-1671.
54
[55] H. Alihosseini, M.A. Zaeem, K. Dehghani, G. Faraji, Producing high strength aluminum alloy by combination of equal channel angular pressing and bake hardening, Materials Letters 140 (2015) 196-199.
55
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