ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Iranian Journal of Materials Forming, Issue 2, April 2021
The “Iranian Journal of Materials Forming (IJMF)” is an international open access journal in the fields of materials deformation and forming processes, which was established at Shiraz University in 2014. The journal is pleased to receive papers from scientists and engineers from academic and industrial areas related to all manufacturing processes. In addition, all deformations, including the elastic and plastic behaviors of materials and deformations due to failure are part of this journal's field of interest. This journal has been a quarterly issue and from 2021 onwards, it will at least publish 24 articles a year with the aim of having a quantitative criterion for entering Scopus. The quality and credibility of the journal has been ensured by appointing some of the most well-known professors in the world as members of its editorial board. Recently, some world-renowned scientists have also been added to the editorial board making it stronger than before.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6082_ecfc76223b1178a148a5676c111dee78.pdf
2021-04-01
2
3
10.22099/ijmf.2021.40228.1180
materials
forming
deformation
Ramin
Ebrahimi
ebrahimy@shirazu.ac.ir
1
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] G. S. Schajer, Practical residual stress measurement methods, John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
1
[2] A. Mahmoudi, D. Yoosef-Zadeh, and F. Hosseinzadeh, Residual Stresses Measurement in Hollow Samples Using Contour Method, International Journal of Engineering, 33(5) (2020) 885-893.
2
[3] K. Zhu, Z. Li, G. Fan, R. Xu, and C. Jiang, Thermal relaxation of residual stress in shot-peened CNT/Al–Mg–Si alloy composites, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(2) (2019) 2201-2208.
3
[4] X. Liu, J. Liu, Z. Zuo, and H. Zhang, Numerical study on residual stress redistribution of shot-peened aluminum 7075-T6 under fretting loading, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 160 (2019) 156-164.
4
[5] K. Hemmesi, P. Mallet, and M. Farajian, Numerical evaluation of surface welding residual stress behavior under multiaxial mechanical loading and experimental validations, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 168 (2020) 105-127.
5
[6] X. Song, S. Feih, W. Zhai, C.N. Sun, F. Li, R. Maiti, J. Wei, Y. Yang, V. Oancea, L.R. Brandt, A.M. Korsunsky, Advances in additive manufacturing process simulation: Residual stresses and distortion predictions in complex metallic components, Materials & Design, (2020) 108779.
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[7] D. Ulutan, B. E. Alaca, and I. Lazoglu, Analytical modelling of residual stresses in machining, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 183(1) (2007) 77-87.
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[8] M.N. James, D.J. Hughes, Z. Chen, H. Lombard, D.G. Hattingh, D. Asquith, J.R. Yates, and P.J. Webster, Residual stresses and fatigue performance, Engineering Failure Analysis, 14(2) (2007) 384-395.
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[9] C. Sonsino, Effect of residual stresses on the fatigue behaviour of welded joints depending on loading conditions and weld geometry, International Journal of Fatigue, 31 no. 1 (2009) 88-101.
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[10] K. Masubuchi, Analysis of welded structures: residual stresses, distortion, and their consequences. Elsevier, 2013.
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[11] Q. Zhang, L. Yu, X. Shang, and S. Zhao, Residual stress relief of welded aluminum alloy plate using ultrasonic vibration, Ultrasonics, (2020) 106-164.
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[12] K. Chin, S. Idapalapati, and D. Ardi, Thermal stress relaxation in shot peened and laser peened nickel-based superalloy, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, (2020).
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[14] B. Klauba and C. M. Adams, Progress report on the use and understanding of vibratory stress relief, in Proc. ASME Conf. on Productive Applications of Mechanical Vibrations, Phoenix, Arizona, (1982) 47-58.
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[15] S. Kwofie, Plasticity model for simulation, description and evaluation of vibratory stress relief, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 516(1-2) (2009) 154-161.
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[18] C. Walker, A theoretical review of the operation of vibratory stress relief with particular reference to the stabilization of large-scale fabrications, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 225(3) (2011) 195-204.
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[19] F. Beer, E. Johnston, and J. DeWolf, Mechanics of materials, 2002 (McGraw-Hill, New York). 2002.
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[20] R. McGoldrick and H. E. Saunders, Some experiments in stress‐relieving castings and welded structures by vibration, Journal of the american society for naval engineers, 55(4) (1943) 589-609.
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[21] I. K. Lokshin, Vibration treatment and dimensional stabilization of castings, Russ cast prod,10 (1965).
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[22] B. Klauba and C. M. Adams, Progress report on the use and understanding of vibratory stress relief, Proc. ASME Conf. on Productive Applications of Mechanical Vibrations, Phoenix, Arizona, 47-58.
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[23] A. Munsi, A. Waddell, and C. Walker, The influence of vibratory treatment on the fatigue life of welds: A comparison with thermal stress relief, Strain, 37 (4) (2001) 141-149.
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[24] W. F. Hahn, Vibratory residual stress relief and modifications in metals to conserve resources and prevent pollution, in "Final Report, Alfred University, Center of Environmental and Energy Research (CEER)," 2002, [Online]. Available: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/7803/report/F.
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[25] D. Rao, D. Wang, L. Chen, and C. Ni, The effectiveness evaluation of 314L stainless steel vibratory stress relief by dynamic stress, International Journal of Fatigue, 29(1) (2007) 192-196.
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[26] J. Xu, L. Chen, and C. Ni, Effect of vibratory weld conditioning on the residual stresses and distortion in multipass girth-butt welded pipes, International Journal of Pressure vessels and piping, 84(5) (2007) 298-303.
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[27] W. He, B. P. Gu, J. Y. Zheng, and R. J. Shen, Research on high-frequency vibratory stress relief of small Cr12MoV quenched specimens, Applied Mechanics and Materials, (2012) 1157-1161.
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[28] T. Lv and Y. Zhang, 1719. A combined method of thermal and vibratory stress relief, Journal of Vibroengineering, 17 (6) (2015).
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[29] H. Gao, Y. Zhang, Q. Wu, J. Song, and K. Wen, Fatigue life of 7075-T651 aluminium alloy treated with vibratory stress relief, International Journal of Fatigue, 108 (2018) 62-67.
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[30] S. M. Ebrahimi, M. Farahani, and D. Akbari, The influences of the cyclic force magnitude and frequency on the effectiveness of the vibratory stress relief process on a butt welded connection, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 102(5) (2019) 2147-2158.
30
[31] S.G. Chen, Y.D. Zhang, Q. Wu, H.J. Gao, and D.-Y. Yan, Residual stress relief for 2219 aluminum alloy weldments: A comparative study on three stress relief methods, Metals, 9(4) (2019) 419.
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[36] C. A. Guang-Ming Fu, Marcelo Igor Lourenço, Meng-Lan Duan, Segen F. Estefen, Finite Element Modeling Of Transient Temperature And Residual Tress Distribution Analysis In Multi-Pass Welding Process, ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean (2012).
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[37] P. Bouchard, The NeT bead-on-plate benchmark for weld residual stress simulation, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 86(1) (2009) 31-42.
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[38] M. Zubairuddin, S. Albert, M. Vasudevan, V. Chaudhari, and V. Suri, Finite element simulation of weld bead geometry and temperature distribution during GTA welding of modified 9CR-1MO steel and experimental validation, Journal for Manufacturing Science and Production, 14(4) (2014) 195-207.
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[40] A. Mahmoudi, C. Aird, C. Truman, A. Mirzaee-Sisan, and D. Smith, Generating well defined residual stresses in laboratory specimens, in ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference, (2006) American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 631-639.
40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Microstructure Evolution of the Stainless Steel 316L Subjected to Different Routes of Equal Channel Angular Pressing
During the past decades, equal channel angular pressing has risen as a promising severe plastic deformation process and it is applied for the grain refinement and strengthening of metallic materials. Although the application of this process to improve the characteristics of austenitic stainless steels has been studied to some extent, little studies have considered the effect of route of the ECAP on this matter. This study aims to study the evolution of microstructure and the increase of hardness of stainless steel 316L during processing by two different routes of this process. For this purpose, the alloy is processed at the deformation temperature of 310 °C using two different routes of A and Bc. Afterwards, the microstructure evolution of the alloy is studied using the X-ray diffraction and the scanning electron microscopy. Results show that the applied ECAP procedure, irrespective of the applied route, causes a negligible occurrence of the phase transformation while it causes a widespread occurrence of twinning. This fact is related to the elevated temperature applied for the process. Also, the process causes a considerable increase in the hardness of the alloy mainly attributed to the occurrence of twinning.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6075_153f1c8f99b4c7c429a510255ca6dc62.pdf
2021-04-01
4
11
10.22099/ijmf.2021.38714.1169
severe plastic deformation
ECAP
Strain Path
Dislocation density
Twinning
Mojtaba
Askari Khan-abadi
mojiaskari12458@yahoo.com
1
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hassan
Farshidi
farshidi@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Hadi
Moayed
mhmoayed@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Y. Estrin, A. Vinogradov, Extreme grain refinement by severe plastic deformation: A wealth of challenging science, Acta Materialia, 61 (2013) 782-817.
1
[2] E. Bagherpour, M. Reihanian, N. Pardis, R. Ebrahimi, T. G. Langdon, Ten Years of Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) in Iran, part I: Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP), Iranian Journal of Materials Forming, 5 (1) (2018), 71-113.
2
[3] E. Bagherpour, M. Reihanian, N. Pardis, R. Ebrahimi, N.Tsuji, Ten Years of Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) in Iran, part II: Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB), Iranian Journal of Materials Forming, 5(2) (2018) 1-109.
3
[4] M. Furukawa, Z. Horita, M. Nemoto, T.G. Langdon, Processing of metals by equal-channel pressing, Journal of Materials Science, 36 (2001) 2835-2843.
4
[5] A. Shan, I. Moon, H. Ko, J. Park, Direct observation of shear deformation during equal channel angular pressing of pure aluminum, Scripta Materialia, 41 (4) (1999) 353-357.
5
[6] H. Miyamoto, T. Ikeda, T. Uenoya, A. Vinogradov, S. Hashimoto, Reversible nature of shear bands in copper single crystals subjected to iterative shear of ECAP in forward and reverse directions, Materials Science and Engineering A, 528 (2011) 2602-2609.
6
[7] S. K. Mishra, S. M. Tiwari, A. M. Kumar, L. G. Hector, Effect of strain and strain Path on texture and twin development in austenitic steel with twinning-induced plasticity, Metallurgical and Materials Transaction A, 43A (2012) 1598-1609,
7
[8] S. Seipp, M. F. X. Wagner, K. Hockauf, I. Schneider, L. W. Meyer, M. Hockauf, Microstructure, crystallographic texture and mechanical properties of the magnesium alloy AZ31B after different routes of thermo-mechanical processing, International Journal of Plasticity, 35 (2012) 155-166.
8
[9] S. Mishra, K. Narasimhan, I. Samajdar, Deformation twinning in AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel: role of strain and strain path, Materials Science and Technology, 23 (9) (2007) 1118-1126.
9
[10] I. Roth, M. Kubbeler, U. Krupp, H. J. Christ, C. P. Fritzen, Crack initiation and short crack growth in metastable austenitic stainless steel in the high cycle fatigue regime, Procedia Engineering, 2 (1) (2010) 941-948.
10
[11] M. Calmunger, G. Chai, R. Eriksson, S. Johansson, J. J. Moverare, Characterization of Austenitic Stainless Steels Deformed at Elevated Temperature, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 48 (2017) 4525-4538
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[12] X. Wang, D. Wang, J. Jin, J. Li, Effects of strain rates and twins evolution on dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of austenite stainless steel, Materials Science & Engineering A, 761 (2019) 138044.
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[13] M. J. Sohrabi, M. Naghizadeh, H. Mirzadeh, Deformation‑induced martensite in austenitic stainless steels: A review, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 20 (2020) 124.
13
[14] J. Li, Y. Cao, B. Gao, Y. Li, Y. Zhu, Superior strength and ductility of 316L stainless steel with heterogeneous lamella structure, Journal of Materials Science, 53 (2018) 10442-10456.
14
[15] F.Y. Dong, P. Zhang, J.C. Pang, D.M. Chen, K. Yang, Z.F. Zhang, Optimizing strength and ductility of austenitic stainless steels through equal-channel angular pressing and adding nitrogen element, Materials Science & Engineering A, 587 (2013) 185-191.
15
[16] A. Jarvenpaa, M. Jaskari, A. Kisko, P. Karjalainen, Processing and Properties of Reversion-Treated Austenitic Stainless Steels, Metals, 10 (281) (2020) 1-43.
16
[17] M. V. Karavaeva, M. M. Abramova, N. A. Enikeev, G. I. Raab, R. Z. Valiev, Superior Strength of Austenitic Steel Produced by Combined Processing, including Equal-Channel Angular Pressing and Rolling, Metals 6 (310) (2016) 1-14.
17
[18] K. Ma, H. Wen, T. Hu, T. D. Topping, D. Isheim, D. N. Seidman, E, J. Lavernia, J. M. Schoenung, Mechanical behavior and strengthening mechanisms in ultrafine grain precipitation-strengthened aluminum alloy, Acta Materialia 62 (2014) 141-155.
18
[19] S.V. Dobatkin, W. Skrotzki, O. V. Rybalchenko, V. F. Terentev, A. N. Belyakov,D.V.Prosvirnin, G. I. Raab, E. V. Zolotarev, Structural changes in metastable austenitic steel during equal channel angular pressing and subsequent cyclic deformation, Materials Science and Engineering A, 723 (2018) 141-147.
19
[20] H. Ueno, K. Kakihata, Y. Kaneko, S. Hashimoto, A. Vinogradov, Nanostructurization assisted by twinning during equal channel angular pressing of metastable 316L stainless steel, Journal of Materials Science, 46 (2011) 4276-4283.
20
[21] M. Soleimani, A. Kalhor, H. Mirzadeh, Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) in advanced steels: A review, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 795 (2020) 140023.
21
[22] A. Zergani, H. Mirzadeh, R. Mahmudi, Evolutions of mechanical properties of AISI 304L stainless steel under shear loading, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 791(2020) 139667.
22
[23] J. M. Garcıa-Infanta, S. Swaminathan, A.P. Zhilyaev, F. Carreno, O. A. Ruano, T.R. Mc Nelley, Microstructural development during equal channel angular pressing of hypo-eutectic Al–Si casting alloy by different processing routes, Materials Science and Engineering A, 485 (2008) 160-175.
23
[24] R. Z. Valiev, T.G. Langdon, Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement, Progress in Materials Science, 51 (7) (2006) 881-981.
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[25] M. Furukawa, Y. Iwahashi, Z. Horita, M. Nemoto, T. G. Langdon, The shearing characteristics associated with equal channel angular pressing, Materials Science and Engineering A, 257 (1998) 328-332.
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[26] H. Paul, T. Baudin, F. Brisset, The Effect of the strain path and the second phase particles on the microstructure and the texture evolution of the AA3104 alloy processed by ECAP, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 56 (2011) 245-261.
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[27] S. V. Dobatkin, V. F. Terent, W. Skrotzki, O. V. Rybalchenko, M. N. Pankova, D. V. Prosvirnin, E. V. Zolotarev, Structure and Fatigue Properties of 08Kh18N10T Steel after Equal Channel Angular Pressing and Heating, Russian Metallurgy, 2012, (11) (2012) 954-962
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Fabrication Method and Porosity Content on Elastic Modulus of a Nano-Particle Dispersed Nickel Base Alloy
The change in the elastic modulus of mechanically alloyed MA754 Ni-based superalloy as a function of the porosity and fabricating method has been discussed in this study. A mixed powder of a nano-particle strengthened nickel alloy was prepared directly from its alloying elements via mechanical alloying. The mixture then consolidated using two different powder metallurgy methods, pressing was followed by sintering and as was hot extrusion followed by drawing. The powder and solid parts were characterized by XRD, XRF, and microscopic examination. The porosity content and the elastic modulus of the samples were measured via Archimedes, image analysis, tensile, and/or compression tests, respectively. The results indicated that two methods of porosity measurement provided different values for each specimen. In addition, results showed, while processing method has influences on porosity content, it also affects the elastic modulus of the alloy tremendously. Two different values of experimental modulus can be justified by the effect of texture. The different linear and polynomial models are given for different methods of the processing.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6076_0cfb33b147af04e428cd839beaed0f9c.pdf
2021-04-01
12
21
10.22099/ijmf.2021.37820.1160
Nanoparticle Strengthened Nickel Alloy
Mechanical Alloying
Hot Extrusion
porosity
Elastic Modulus
Mohammad Jafar
Hadianfard
hadianfa@shirazu.ac.ir
1
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Kavousi Heydari
kavosi.reza@gmail.com
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Mohammad
Arab
m.arab@uma.ac.ir
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] P. R. Soni, Mechanical alloying fundamentals and applications, Cambridge International Science Publishing, 2001.
1
[2] M. S. El-Eskandarany, Mechanical alloying for fabrication of advanced engineering materials, Noyes Publications, 2001.
2
[3] R. C. Reed, The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
3
[4] M. J. Donachie, S. J. Donachie, Selection of Superalloys for Design, Handbook of Materials Selection, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007, 293-334.
4
[5] C. Suryanarayana, N. Al-Aqeeli, Progress in Materials Science, 58 (2013) 383-502.
5
[6] N. Chawla, X. Deng, M. Marucci, K. S. Narasimhan, Effect of density on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of powder metallurgy Fe-Mo-Ni steels, Advanced Powder Metallurgy Parts and Materials, Edited by Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, NJ, 2003.
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[8] A. Salak, Ferrous Powder Metallurgy, Cambridge International Science Publishing, 1995.
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[9] E. S. Huron, R. L. Casey, M. F. Henry, D.P. Mourer, The influence of alloy chemistry and powder production methods on porosity in a P/M nickel-base superalloy, Superalloys 1996, The Minerals and Metallic Materials Society, 1996.
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[10] H. N. Yoshimura, A. L. Molisani, N. E. Narita, P. F. Cesar, H. Goldenstein, Porosity dependence of elastic constants in aluminum nitride ceramics, Materials Research, 10 (2007) 127-133.
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[11] J. Kovacik, Correlation between elastic modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio and porosity in porous materials, Advanced Engineering Materials, 10 (2008) 250-252.
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[12] A. V.Manoylov, F. M. Borodich, H. P. Evans, Modelling of elastic properties of sintered porous materials, Proceedings of Royal Society A, 469 (2013) 201-206.
12
[13] E. Salahinejad, R. Amini, M. J. Hadianfard, Contribution of nitrogen concentration to compressive elastic modulus of 18Cr–12Mn–xN austenitic stainless steels developed by powder metallurgy, Materials and Design, 31 (2010) 2241-2244.
13
[14] T. Otomo, H. Matsumoto, N. Nomura, A. Chiba, Influence of cold-working and subsequent heat-treatment on Young’s modulus and strength of Co-Ni-Cr-Mo alloy, Materials Transaction, 51 (2010) 434-441.
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[15] W. F. Druyvesteyn, B. S. Blaisse, Change in the modulus of elasticity of copper after deformation in the temperature range from 4.2-7.8 °K, Physica 28 (1962) 695-700.
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[18] M. Levy, H. Bass, R. Stern, Handbook of Elastic Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases, Four-Volume Set, Academic press, 2001.
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[23] Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Materials properties database for selection of high-temperature alloys and concepts of alloy design for SOFC applications, PNNL-14116, 2002.
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[25] J. H. Lee, K .W. Paik, L. J. Park, Y. G. Kim, J. H. Tundermann, J. J. deBarbadillo, The effect of high temperature deformation conditions on the secondary recrystallization of Ma754 plate, Scripta Materialia, 38 (1998) 789-794.
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[27] J. Wang, W. Yuan, R. S. Mishra, I. Charit, Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of friction stir welded ODS alloy MA754, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 442 (2013) 1-6.
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32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of Stress Concentration Factors for Functionally Graded Hollow Tubes with Curved Edges under Torsion
In this paper, a finite element (FE) model is developed to calculate stress concentration factors of functionally graded (FG) hollow tubes under torsion. First, the shear stresses in FG hollow tubes with curved edges are investigated for different curvature radius of the cross-section corners. Next, stress concentrations are evaluated at low curvature parts of the cross-sections. Due to stress concentrations in low curvature regions, more considerable shear stresses are obtained. FE results are compared with the results of an analytical method for analysis of the torsion of hollow tubes to verify the computational approaches. Except for the points of stress concentrations, in other regions, an excellent agreement is found between analytical and FE results. Therefore, in stress concentration regions, regarding the error of analytical formula in stress analysis, some correction factor is presented. These stress concentration factors are calculated for a variety of curvature radius and cross-section thicknesses. Applying the presented factors, the proposed analytical formula can be used for stress evaluations, even at stress concentration regions. Finally, the effects of changing the volume fraction of the constituent phases are investigated for a range of curvature radius of cross-section corners.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6078_0db9115c3dcfa6643ffc8d808dc55324.pdf
2021-04-01
22
34
10.22099/ijmf.2021.39443.1175
Hollow tube
FGMs
Stress concentration
torsion
Shear stress
Zohreh
Ebrahimi
z.ebrahimi@pnu.ac.ir
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Payame Noor University, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Samaneh
Negahban
samanenegahban13@gmail.com
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Payame Noor University, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] R. Chandra, A.D. Stemple, I. Chopra, Thin-walled composite beams under bending, torsional, and extensional loads. Journal of Aircraft, 27 (1991) 619-626.
1
[2] M. Savoia, N. Tullini, Torsional response of inhomogeneous and multilayered composite beams. Composite Structures, 25(1993) 587-594.
2
[3] C.O. Horgan, A.M. Chan, Torsion of functionally graded isotropic linearly elastic bars. Journal of Elasticity, 51(2) (1998) 181-199.
3
[4] G. Mejak, Optimization of cross-section of hollow prismatic bars in torsion. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, 16(10) (2000) 687-695.
4
[5] M.R. Hematiyan, A. Doostfatemeh, Torsion of moderately thick hollow tubes with polygonal shapes. Mechanics Research Communications, 34 (2007) 528-537.
5
[6] A. Doostfatemeh, M.R. Hematiyan, S. Arghavan, Closed-Form Approximate Formulas for Torsional Analysis of Hollow Tubes with Straight and Circular Edges, Journal of Mechanics, 25 (2009) 401-409.
6
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[19] M.T. Ozkan, F. Erdemir, Determination of stress concentration factors for shafts under tension, Materials Testing, 62(4) (2020) 413-421.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effects of Holding Force, Die Radius, Pin Radius and Pin Distance on Springback in a Stretch Bending Test
The stretch bending test is one of the methods for forming metals, especially sheets. In this method, a piece of a metal sheet simultaneously undergoes compressive and tensile forces, thereby being converted into a curved piece with a great curvature. In the present research, springback was studied using a U-form die in a stretch bending test, and the experiments were performed on st12 steels through a laboratory set-up. Moreover, various parameters were investigated, including die radius, pin diameters, blank holding force (BHF), and distance between pins. The stretching depth was 10 mm. Not to mention, springback is affected by technical and geometric parameters. For example, the results of the present study revealed that increasing the pin spacing led to the reduction of springback and for more spacing, the springback tends to spring-go, additionally, it was observed that a rise in the die radius, pin diameters, and blank holder force resulted in the reduction of springback.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6077_493c92bce85c66b8309ba2015809b064.pdf
2021-04-01
35
43
10.22099/ijmf.2021.39387.1172
Springback
Tensile Force
U-Shaped
BHF
Pin radius
Die radius
Milad
Cheraghi
milad.ch2021@gmail.com
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Adelkhani
a.adelkhani@iauksh.ac.ir
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammadmahdi
Attar
attar@iauh.ac.ir
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] A. Adelkhani, H. Ebrahim, M. M. Attar, The Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effects of welding Angle on Forming Multilayered Sheets in U-Bending Operations, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 34 (2020) 239-244.
1
[2] D. K. Leu, A simplified approach for distinguishing between spring-bach and spring-go in free U-die bending process of SPFC 440 sheets, Materials & Design, 94 (2016) 314-321.
2
[3] S. K. Panthi, N. Ramakrishnan, A. Meraj, S. S. Shambhavi, M. D. Goel, Finite element analysis of sheet metal bending process to predict the springback, Materials & Design, 31(2010) 657-662.
3
[4] M. Samuel, Experimental and numerical prediction of springback and side wall curl in U-bending of anisotropic sheet metals, The Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 105 (2000) 382-393.
4
[5] Z. Q. Jiang, H. Yang, M. Zhan, X. D. Xu, G. J. Li, coupling effects of material properties and bending angle on the springback angle of titanium alloy tube during numerically controlled bending, Materials & Design, 30 (2010) 846-850.
5
[6] K. Mori, K. Aktia, Y. Abe, springback behavior in bending of Ultra-high-strength steel sheets using CNC servo press Abe, The International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufactur, 47(2007) 321-325.
6
[7] A, Mkaddem, D. Saidane, Experimental approach and RSM procedure on the examination of springback in wiping-die bending process, The Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 189 (2007) 325-333.
7
[8] S. W. Lee, Y. T. Kim, A study on springback in the sheet metal flange drawing, The Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 187 (2007) 89-93.
8
[9] R. K. Verma, A. Halder, Effect of normal anisotropy on springback, The Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 190 (2007) 300-304.
9
[10] L. Papeleux, J. P. Ponthot, Finite element simulation of springback in sheet metal forming, The Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 125 (2002) 785-791.
10
[11] W. Liu, Y. Yang, Z. Xing, L. Zhao, Springback control of sheet metal forming based on the response-surface method and multi-objective genetic algorithm, Materials Science and Engineering A, 499 (2009) 325-328.
11
[12] S. W. Lee, D. Y, Yang, an assessment of numerical parameters influencing springback in explicit finite element analysis of sheet metal forming procrss, The Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 180 (1998) 60-67.
12
[13] G. Liu, Z. Lin, W, Xu, Y. Bao, Variable blank holder force in U-shaped part forming for eliminating springback error, The Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 120 (2002) 259-264.
13
[14] K. P. Li, W. P. Carden, R. H. Wagoner, Simulation of springback, The International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 44 (2002) 103-122.
14
[15] D. K. Leu, A simplified approach for evaluating bendability and springback in plastic bending of anisotropic sheet metals, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 66 (1997) 9-17.
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[16] J. Yanagimoto, K. Oyamada, Mechanism of springback free bending of high stretch steel sheets under warm forming conditions, Manufacturing Technology 56(2007) 265-268.
16
[17] M. L. Garcia-Romeo, J. Ciurana, I. Ferrer, Springback determination of sheet metals in an air bending process based on an experimental work, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 191 (2007) 174-177.
17
[18] T. Serkan, K. Suleyman, O. Fahrettin, The effect of material thickness and deformation speed on springback behavior for DP600 steel. Advanced Materials Research, 264 (2018) 636-645.
18
[19] X. Li, Y. Yang, Y. Wang, J. Bao, S. Li, Effect of material-hardening mode on the springback simulation accuracy of V-free bending, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 123 (2002) 209-211.
19
[20] H. Y. Yu, Variation of elastic modulus during plastic deformation and its influence on springback, Material & Design, 30 (2009) 846-850.
20
[21] S. Jadhav, M. Schoiswohl, B. Buchmayr, Applications of finite element simulation in the development of advanced sheet metal forming processes. BHM Berg-und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte, 163 (2018) 109-118.
21
[22] S. Saravanan, M. Saravanan, D. Jeyasimman, Study on effect of springback on sheet metal bending using simulation methods, International journal of mechanical and production, 8 (2018) 923-932.
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[23] V. Gautam, V. Manohar Raut, R. Kumar, Analytical prediction of springback in bending of tailor-welded blanks incorporating effect of anisotropy and welded zone properties, Institution of Mechanical Engineering, 4 (2015) 1-13.
23
[24] E.H. Ouakdi, R. Louahdi, D. khirani, L.Tabourot, Evaluation of springback under the effect of holding force and die radius in a stretch bending test, Materials and design, 35 (2012) 106-112.
24
[25] F. K. Chen, J. H. Liu, Analysis of equivalent model for the finite element simulation of a stamping process, Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 37 (1997) 409-423.
25
[26] V. Nasrollahi, B. Arezo, Prediction of springback in sheet metal components with holes on the bending area, using experiments, finite element and neural networks, 36 (2012) 331-336.
26
[27] S. T. Atul, M. L. Babu, A review on effect of thinning, wrinkling and spring-back on deep drawing process, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 233 (2019) 1011-1036.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Hot Workability and Processing Map of High Gd Content Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr-Nd Alloy
Hot workability of as-extruded high Gd content Mg-5Gd-0,5Zn-0.5Zr-2.5Nd alloy was investigated using the hot compression test in a temperature range of 300-500 °C and strain rates of 0.001-1s-1. Hot workability assessment was conducted by capturing microstructural evolution of high temperature deformed samples, and by constructing power dissipation and instability maps. Using experimental data of hot compression tests, the power dissipation map of the alloy was constructed, in which a domain of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurred at the temperature range of 350-450 °C and strain rate of 0.001-0.1 s-1, representing the optimum hot working window. Furthermore, the processing map of the alloy was constructed, and flow instability regions were also indicated based on the Ziegler's flow instability criterion.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6079_4a9dbf30c9ad8ea1604ccf816ec12e07.pdf
2021-04-01
44
53
10.22099/ijmf.2021.39414.1173
Magnesium alloy
Rare earth metals
Processing map
Hot workability
Sahar
Mosadegh
mosadeghsahar427@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehrdad
Aghaie-khafri
maghaei@kntu.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Behzad
Binesh
binesh.kntu@gmail.com
3
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] S. Jayasathyakawin, M. Ravichandran, N. Baskar, C.A. Chairman, R. Balasundaram, Mechanical properties and applications of Magnesium alloy–Review, Materials Today: Proceedings (2020).
1
[2] Z. Yu, C. Xu, J. Meng, X. Zhang, S. Kamado, Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy with Zn and Nd additions, Materials Science and Engineering: A 713 (2018) 234-243.
2
[3] Y. Luo, Y. Wu, Q. Deng, Y. Zhang, J. Chen, L. Peng, Microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr alloys prepared by spark plasma sintering, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 820 (2020) 153405.
3
[4] T. Xu, Y. Yang, X. Peng, J. Song, F. Pan, Overview of advancement and development trend on magnesium alloy, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 7 (3) (2019) 536-544.
4
[5] A. Arslan Kaya, Fundamentals of Magnesium Alloy Metallurgy, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013.
5
[6] T. Al-Samman, Modification of texture and microstructure of magnesium alloy extrusions by particle-stimulated recrystallization, Materials Science and Engineering A-S 560 (2013) 561-566.
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[7] L.W.F. Mackenzie, M.O. Pekguleryuz, The recrystallization and texture of magnesium-zinc-cerium alloys, Scripta Materialia 59 (2008) 665-668.
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[8] S.M. He, X.Q. Zeng, L.M. Peng, X. Gao, J.F. Nie, W.J. Ding, Precipitation in a Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr (wt.%) alloy during isothermal aging at 250°C, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 421(1) (2006) 309-313.
8
[9] N. Ma, Q. Peng, J. Pan, H. Li, W. Xiao, Effect of microalloying with rare-earth on recrystallization behavior and damping properties of Mg sheets, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 592 (2014) 24-34.
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[10] L. Gao, R. Chen, E. Han, Effects of rare-earth elements Gd and Y on the solid solution strengthening of Mg alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 481(1-2) (2009) 379-384.
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[11] J. Gröbner, A. Kozlov, X.Y. Fang, S.M. Zhu, J.F. Nie, M.A. Gibson, R. Schmid-Fetzer, Phase equilibria and transformations in ternary Mg-Gd-Zn alloys, Acta materialia 90 (2015) 400-416.
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[12] A. Kula, X. Jia, R. K. Mishra, M. Niewczas, Mechanical Properties of Mg-Gd and Mg-Y Solid Solutions, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 47 (2016) 3333–3342.
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[14] J. D. Robson, C. Paa-Rai, The interaction of grain refinement and ageing in magnesium-zinc–zirconium (ZK) alloys, Acta Materialia 95 (2015) 10-19.
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[16] T. Honma, T. Ohkubo, S. Kamado, K. Hono, Effect of Zn additions on the age-hardening of Mg-2.0 Gd-1.2 Y-0.2 Zr alloys, Acta Materialia 55(12) (2007) 4137-4150.
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[19] D.H. Kim, J.Y. Lee, H.K. Lim, J.S. Kyeong, W.T. Kim, D.H. Kim, The effect of microstructure evolution on the elevated temperature mechanical properties in Mg-Sn-Ca system, Materials Transactions 49 (2008) 2405-2413.
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[20] X. Luo, L. Kang, Q. Li, Y. Chai, Microstructure and hot compression deformation of the as-cast Mg-5.0 Sn-1.5 Y-0.1 Zr alloy, Applied Physics A 120(2) (2015) 699-705.
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[21] S.H. Park, J.-G. Jung, Y.M. Kim, B.S. You, A new high-strength extruded Mg-8Al-4Sn-2Zn alloy, Materials Letters 139 (2015) 35-38.
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[22] K. Hantzsche, J. Bohlen, J. Wendt, K.U. Kainer, S.B. Yi, D. Letzig, Effect of rare earth additions on microstructure and texture development of magnesium alloy sheets, Scripta Materialia 63 (2010) 725-730.
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[23] X. Jin, W. Xu, Z. Yang, C. Yuan, D. Shan, B. Teng, B.C. Jin, Analysis of abnormal texture formation and strengthening mechanism in an extruded Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy, Journal of Materials Science & Technology 45 (2020) 133-145.
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[25] J. Zhang, Zh. Kang, F. Wang, Mechanical properties and biocorrosion resistance of the Mg-Gd-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing, Materials Science and Engineering: C 68 (2016) 194-197.
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[26] X. Xia, Q. Chen, K. Zhang, Z. Zhao, M. Ma, X. Li, Y. Li, Hot deformation behavior and processing map of coarse-grained Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zr alloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A 587 (2013) 283-290.
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48
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Constitutive Modeling of 7075 Aluminum Alloy under the Hot Compression Condition
The behavior of Al7075 during the hot compression in a wide range of temperatures, 623-773 K, and strain rates, 0.001-1 s-1, were investigated in this paper. Moreover, using the standard Arrhenius constitutive models, a mathematical equation was proposed for predicting the flow stress, and then the accuracy of the model was examined using standard verification methods. The increasing of temperature and strain rate, respectively, have a reverse and direct effect on the flow stress, which can be expressed using the Zener-Hollomon parameter with the activation energy of 304 kJ/mol. Since the potential dependence of the constants in the model has not been considered for any parameter, the accuracy of the standard model is low. It was found that the values of these constants depend on the strain, so for each of the constants, a relation was obtained in terms of strain to express this relation properly. The modified model not only precisely predicts the flow stress but also provides higher accuracy in predicting the trend of variation of stress due to the influence of metallurgical evolutions occurring during the process of hot deformation, such as dynamic recrystallization or softening and hardening.
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6085_edbdf041d3de1e2c7f8e2c44677da01f.pdf
2021-04-01
54
63
10.22099/ijmf.2021.39380.1171
Hot deformation
constitutive equation
Arrhenius model
deformation activation energy
Strain compensated
Sajad
Rasaee
rasaee@kut.ac.ir
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
AmirHossein
Mirzaei
a.h.mirzaei1995@gmail.com
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Y. Deng, Z. Yin, J. Huang, Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of homogenized 7050 aluminum alloy during compression at elevated temperature, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528 (2011) 1780-1786.
1
[2] Y.C. Lin, L.-T. Li, Y.-X. Fu, Y.-Q. Jiang, Hot compressive deformation behavior of 7075 Al alloy under elevated temperature, Journal of Materials Science, 47 (2012) 1306-1318.
2
[3] M.R. Rokni, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, A.A. Roostaei, A. Abolhasani, Constitutive base analysis of a 7075 aluminum alloy during hot compression testing, Materials & Design, 32 (2011) 4955-4960.
3
[4] N. Jin, H. Zhang, Y. Han, W. Wu, J. Chen, Hot deformation behavior of 7150 aluminum alloy during compression at elevated temperature, Materials Characterization, 60 (2009) 530-536.
4
[5] M.-l. Wang, P.-p. Jin, J.-h. Wang, L. Han, Hot deformation behavior of as-quenched 7005 aluminum alloy, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 24 (2014) 2796-2804.
5
[6] R. Bobbili, B. Ramakrishna, V. Madhu, A. Gogia, Prediction of flow stress of 7017 aluminium alloy under high strain rate compression at elevated temperatures, Defence Technology, 11 (2015) 93-98.
6
[7] L. Chen, G. Zhao, J. Yu, W. Zhang, Constitutive analysis of homogenized 7005 aluminum alloy at evaluated temperature for extrusion process, Materials & Design (1980-2015), 66 (2015) 129-136.
7
[8] Q. Zang, H. Yu, Y.-S. Lee, M.-S. Kim, H.-W. Kim, Effects of initial microstructure on hot deformation behavior of Al-7.9Zn-2.7Mg-2.0Cu (wt%) alloy, Materials Characterization, 151 (2019) 404-413.
8
[9] Q. Zang, H. Yu, Y.-S. Lee, M.-S. Kim, H.-W. Kim, Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of annealed Al-7.9Zn-2.7Mg-2.0Cu (wt%) alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 763 (2018) 25-33.
9
[10] W. Liu, H. Zhao, D. Li, Z. Zhang, G. Huang, Q. Liu, Hot deformation behavior of AA7085 aluminum alloy during isothermal compression at elevated temperature, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 596 (2014) 176-182.
10
[11] M. Rajamuthamilselvan, S. Ramanathan, Hot deformation behaviour of 7075 alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 509 (2011) 948-952.
11
[12] B. Ke, L. Ye, J. Tang, Y. Zhang, S. Liu, H. Lin, Y. Dong, X. Liu, Hot deformation behavior and 3D processing maps of AA7020 aluminum alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 845 (2020) 156113.
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20