IJMF Shiraz University Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 2383-0042 Shiraz University 19 10.22099/ijmf.2017.26024.1085 Research Paper Simulation and Investigation of Mechanical and Geometrical Properties of St/CP-Titanium Bimetal Sheet during the Single Point Incremental Forming Process Simulation and Investigation of Mechanical and Geometrical Properties of St/CP-Titanium Bimetal Sheet during the Single Point Incremental Forming Process Sakhtemanian M.R. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. Amini S. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. Honarpishe M. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. 01 04 2018 5 1 1 18 10 07 2017 22 10 2017 Copyright © 2018, Shiraz University. 2018 https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4824.html

In this study, the incremental forming of explosively welded low carbon steel-commercially pure titanium bilayer sheet has been experimentally and numerically investigated. For this purpose, at first a finite element based analysis was proposed to predict forming force and thickness distribution to form this material by such process, that showed good agreements with the experimental results. Then, to investigate the effect of vertical step down (ΔZ) parameter on the properties of the workpiece, mechanical tests and microstructural studies were performed on the formed specimens. The results showed that increasing the vertical step down (ΔZ), hardness and tensile properties of the specimens increased but the thickness reduction in the wall of the pyramidal specimens increased and also the surface quality decreased. In addition, microstructural studies showed that increasing the vertical step down from 0.1 to 0.3, the grain structure transformed from an equiaxed state to a fibrous state and led to formation of texture in the microstructure, which mechanical properties improvements can be attributed to this issue. Therefore, if the surface quality of the inside wall of the specimen won’t be important, with an increase in the amount of ΔZ besides reduction of process time, the mechanical properties of the specimen will be improved.

 Incremental Forming Explosive-welded Bimetals low carbon steel/CP Titanium [1] A. Attanasio, E. Ceretti, C. Giardini, Optimization of tool path in two points incremental forming, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 177 (2006) 409-412. [2] K. Kitazawa, Incremental sheet metal stretch-expanding with CNC machine tools, Advanced Technology of Plasticity.Beijing: International Academic Publisher, (1993) 1899-1904. [3] M. Matsubara, S. Tanaka, T. Nakamura, Development of incremental sheet metal forming system using elastic tools: Principle of forming process and formation of some fundamentally curved shapes, JSME International Journal, 39(1996) 156-163. [4] W.C. Emmens, G. Sebastiani, A.H. van den Booggard, The technology of Incremental Sheet Forming – A brief review of the history, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 210 (2010) 981–997. [5] E. Hagan, J. 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Oliveira, L. F. Menezes, J. L. Alves, Evaluation of strain and stress states in the single point incremental forming process, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 85 (2016) 521–534. [16] Y. Li, William J. T. Daniel, Paul A. Meehan, Deformation analysis in single-point incremental forming through finite element simulation, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 88 (2017) 255–267. [17] M. Honarpisheh, M. J. Abdolhoseini, S. Amini, Experimental and numerical investigation of the hot incremental forming of Ti-6Al-4V sheet using electrical current. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 83 (2016) 2027–2037. [18] S. Amini, A. Hosseinpour Gollo, H. Paktinat, An investigation of conventional and ultrasonic-assisted incremental forming of annealed AA1050 sheet. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 90 (2017) 1569–1578. [19] M. Vahdati, R. Mahdavinejad, S. Amini, Investigation of the ultrasonic vibration effect in incremental sheet metal forming process, Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231 (2015) 971–982. [20] A. Formisano, L. Boccarusso, F. Capece Minutolo, L. Carrino, M. Durante, A. Langella, Negative and positive incremental forming: Comparison by geometrical, experimental, and FEM considerations, Materials and Manufacturing Processes 32 (2017) 530-536. [21] K. A. Al-Ghamdi, G. Hussain, SPIF of Cu/Steel Clad Sheet, Annealing Effect on Bond Force and Formability, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 31 (2016) 758-763. [22] H. T. Jiang, X. Q. Yan, J. X. Liu, X. G. Duan, Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical property of Ti−steel explosive-rolling clad plate, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 24 (2014) 697−704. [23] N. Kahraman, B. Gulenc, Metallurgical and Corrosion Properties of Explosively Welded Ti6Al4V/Low Carbon Steel Clad, Journal of Material Science and Technology 21 (2005). [24] M. Honarpisheh, J. Niksokhan, F. Nazari, Investigation of the effects of cold rolling on the mechanical properties of explosively-welded Al/St/Al multilayer sheet, Metallurgical Research & Technology 113.1 (2016): 105. [25] M. Sedighi, M. Honarpisheh. Investigation of cold rolling influence on near surface residual stress distribution in explosive welded multilayer, Strength of Materials 44.6 (2012): 693-698. [26] A. Petek, K. Kuzman, B. Suhač, Autonomous on-line system for fracture identification at incremental sheet forming. Cirp Ann Manuf Techn 58 (2009) 283-286. [27] G. Ambrogio, L. Filice, F. Micari, A force measuring based strategy for failure prevention in incremental forming, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 177 (2006) 413-416. [28] J. Duflou , Y. Tunc¸kol, A. Szekeres, P. Vanherck, Experimental study on force measurements for single point incremental forming, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 189 (2007) 65–72. [29] H. Arfa, R. Bahloul, H. Bel Hadj Salah, Finite element modelling and experimental investigation of single point incremental forming process of aluminum sheets: influence of process parameters on punch force monitoring and on mechanical and geometrical quality of parts, International Journal of Material Forming 6 (2013) 483–510. [30] G. Ambrogio, L. Filice, F. Gagliardi, F. Micari, Sheet thinning prediction in single point incremental forming, sheet metal 2005-proceeding of the 11th international conference. Erlangen-Nuremberg, Trans Tech Publications ltd, (2005) 479-486.
IJMF Shiraz University Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 2383-0042 Shiraz University 19 10.22099/ijmf.2017.26349.1089 Research Paper Grain Refinement of Dual Phase Steel via Tempering of Cold-Rolled Martensite Grain Refinement of Dual Phase Steel via Tempering of Cold-Rolled Martensite Najafi M. University of Tehran Mirzadeh H. College of Engineering - University of Tehran Alibeyki M. University of Tehran 01 04 2018 5 1 19 25 09 08 2017 25 09 2017 Copyright © 2018, Shiraz University. 2018 https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4825.html

A microstructure consisting of ultrafine grained (UFG) ferrite with average grain size of ~ 0.7 µm and dispersed nano-sized carbides was produced by cold-rolling and tempering of the martensite starting microstructure in a low carbon steel. Subsequently, fine grained dual phase (DP) steel consisting of equiaxed ferrite grains with average size of ~ 5 µm and martensite islands with average size of ~ 3 µm was produced by intercritical annealing of this microstructure. Coarse grained DP steel with average ferrite grain size of ~ 20 µm and average martensite island size of ~ 5 µm was also produced by intercritical annealing of the as-received ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. The UFG microstructure showed high strength, low ductility, and poor work hardening response due to intense grain refinement. The fine grained DP steel had higher tensile strength and total elongation compared with the coarse grained one, which was related to the improved work-hardening behavior by microstructural refinement.

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IJMF Shiraz University Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 2383-0042 Shiraz University 19 10.22099/ijmf.2018.26954.1093 Research Paper Optimization of die geometry for tube channel pressing Optimization of die geometry for tube channel pressing Farshidi M. H. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 01 04 2018 5 1 26 35 06 10 2017 20 01 2018 Copyright © 2018, Shiraz University. 2018 https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4826.html

Since tubes have numerous industrial applications, different attempts are focused on the severe plastic deformation processes of tubes. As an illustration, tube channel pressing (TCP) is an attractive process for this purpose since it can be used for processing of different sizes of tubes. However, more attempts are needed to improve the outcomes of TCP. For example, imposing of a greater strain besides reductions of the strain heterogeneity are the challenges of this process. This work is aimed to optimize the die geometry of TCP through a finite element simulation procedure verified by experiments in order to increase the imposed strain as well as to decrease the strain heterogeneity. Results show that the increase of die curvature radius causes decrease of imposed plastic strain and increase of strain heterogeneity. In addition, the minimum amount of die convex height for imposing of a reasonable strain through TCP is calculated considering the tube thickness and the channel angle. Besides this, the optimum die geometry is recommended in order to minimize the strain heterogeneity.

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IJMF Shiraz University Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 2383-0042 Shiraz University 19 10.22099/ijmf.2018.26530.1092 Research Paper Quantitative analysis of thermo-mechanical behavior in 414 stainless steel using flow curves and processing maps Quantitative analysis of thermo-mechanical behavior in 414 stainless steel using flow curves and processing maps Chegini M. School of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran Aboutalebi M.R. School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology(IUST), Tehran Seyedein S.H. School of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran Ebrahimi G.R. Materials and Polymers Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran 01 04 2018 5 1 36 46 30 08 2017 03 01 2018 Copyright © 2018, Shiraz University. 2018 https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4827.html

The hot deformation behavior of a typical martensitic stainless steel containing 2.1% Ni was investigated by means of the compression test in the strain rate range of 0.001-1 s-1 and temperature range of 950-1150 °C. The flow behavior of the steel was evaluated using the flow stress curves and flow softening map and by microstructural investigation. Taking into account of the strain effect on the hot deformation behavior, the Z and Q maps were plotted as a function of the strain rate and the strain. In order to obtain the optimum hot deformation regime, the m-map was constructed. It was found that, all restoration mechanisms i.e. dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization phenomena take place at different hot working conditions. It was also found that, the dominant softening mechanism at different hot deformation domain depends upon Z parameter. According to the flow curves and also Z, Q and m maps, the optimum hot deformation conditions have been obtained as: strain range of 0.25-0.5, the temperature range of 1000-1100 °C and strain rate of 0.01-0.1 s-1.

 Martensitic stainless steel Flow curves Processing maps Strain effect [1] G.R. Ebrahimi, A. Momeni, M. Jahazi, P. Bocher, Dynamic recrystallization and precipitation in 13Cr super-martensitic stainless steels, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45 (2014) 2219-2231. [2] M. Zeinali, E. Shafiei, R. Hosseini, K. Farmanesh, A. Soltanipoor, E. Maghsodi, Hot Deformation Behavior of 17-7 PH Stainless Steel, Iranian Journal of Materials forming 4(1) (2017) 1-11. [3] C.H. Fan, Y.B. Peng, H.T. Yang, Z. Wei, H.G. Yan, Hot deformation behavior of Al–9.0 Mg–0.5 Mn–0.1 Ti alloy based on processing maps, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 27 (2017) 289-297. [4] K.K. Saxena, V. Pancholi, G.P. Chaudhari, D. Srivastava, G.K. Dey, S.K. Jha, N. Saibaba, Hot Deformation Behaviour and Microstructural Evaluation of Zr-1Nb Alloy, Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publ (2017) 319-322. [5] M. Mishra, I. Balasundar, A. Rao, B. Kashyap, N. Prabhu, On the High Temperature Deformation Behaviour of 2507 Super Duplex Stainless Steel, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 26 (2017) 802-812. [6] I. Balasundar, K. Ravi, T. Raghu, On the high temperature deformation behaviour of titanium alloy BT3-1, Materials Science and Engineering: A 684 (2017) 135-145. [7] D. Cai, L. Xiong, W. Liu, G. Sun, M. Yao, Characterization of hot deformation behavior of a Ni-base superalloy using processing map, Materials & Design 30 (2009) 921-925. [8] O. Sivakesavam, Y. Prasad, Hot deformation behaviour of as-cast Mg–2Zn–1Mn alloy in compression: a study with processing map, Materials Science and Engineering: A 362 (2003) 118-124. [9] Z. Du, S. Jiang, K. Zhang, The hot deformation behavior and processing map of Ti–47.5 Al–Cr–V alloy, Materials & Design 86 (2015) 464-473. [10] Y. Zhang, Z. Chai, A.A. Volinsky, B. Tian, H. Sun, P. Liu, Y. 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IJMF Shiraz University Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 2383-0042 Shiraz University 19 10.22099/ijmf.2018.28561.1097 Research Paper Prediction of Bending Angle for Laser Forming of Tailor Machined Blanks by Neural Network Prediction of Bending Angle for Laser Forming of Tailor Machined Blanks by Neural Network Safari M. Arak University of Technology Joudaki J. Department of Mechanical Engineering/ Arak University of Technology 01 04 2018 5 1 47 57 19 02 2018 24 04 2018 Copyright © 2018, Shiraz University. 2018 https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4828.html

Tailor-made blanks are sheet metal assemblies with different thicknesses and/or materials and/or surface coatings. A monolithic sheet can be machined to make the required thickness variations that is referred as tailor machined blanks. Due to the thickness variation in tailor machined blanks, laser bending of these blanks is more complicated than monolithic plates. In this article, laser forming of tailor machined blanks is investigated and an artificial neural network (ANN) will be configured to predict the bending angle of laser formed tailor machined blanks. The input parameters of neural network are selected as start point of scan path, laser irradiating method, laser beam diameter, laser output power and number of radiation passes. The results show that a 5×8×1 trained neural network can predict the bending angle with acceptable accuracy. Comparison of the randomly selected tests with experimental results shows 1.1% error in the prediction of bending angle by trained artificial neural network.

 Tailor machined blank Laser forming Artificial Neural Network Bending angle [1] W. Shichun, Z. Jinsong, An experimental study of laser bending for sheet metals, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 110 (2001) 160–163. [2] J.D. Majumdara, A.K. Nath, I. Manna, Studies on laser bending of stainless steel, Materials Science and Engineering A 385 (2004) 113–122. [3] B.N. Fetene, V. Kumar, U.S. Dixit, R. Echempati, Numerical and experimental study on multi-pass laser bending of AH36 steel strips, Optics & Laser Technology 99 (2018) 291–300. [4] K. Maji, D.K. Pratihar, A.K. Nath, Experimental investigations and statistical analysis of pulsed laser bending of AISI 304 stainless steel sheet, Optics & Laser Technology 49 (2013) 18–27. [5] B.S. Yilbas, S.S. Akhtar, Laser bending of metal sheet and thermal stress analysis, Optics & Laser Technology 61 (2014) 34–44. [6] A. Gisario, M. Barletta, S. Venettacci, Improvements in springback control by external force laser-assisted sheet bending of titanium and aluminum alloys, Optics & Laser Technology 86 (2016) 46–53. [7] X.Y. Wang, W.X. Xu, W.J. Xu, Y.F. Hu, Y.D. Liang, L.J. Wang, Simulation and prediction in laser bending of silicon sheet, Transaction of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 21 (2011) s188−s193. [8] X.Y. Wang, J. Wang, W.J. Xu, D.M. Guo, Scanning path planning for laser bending ofstraight tube into curve tube, Optics & Laser Technology 56 (2014) 43–51. [9] S.S. Chakraborty, H. More, A.K. Nath, Laser forming of a bowl-shaped surface with a stationary laser beam, Optics and Lasers in Engineering 77 (2016) 126–136. [10] M. Kreimeyer, F. Wagner, F. Vollertsen, Laser processing of aluminum–titanium tailored blanks, Optics and Lasers in Engineering 43 (2005) 1021–1035. [11] M. Merklein, M. Johannes, M. Lechner, A. Kuppert, A review on tailored blanks-production, applications and evaluation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 214 (2014) 151– 164. [12] A.A. Zadpoor, J. Sinke, R. Benedictus, Experimental and numerical study of machined aluminum tailor-made blanks, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 200 (2008) 288–299. [13] M. Safari, M. Farzin, Experimental and numerical investigation of laser bending of tailor machined blanks, Optics and Laser Technology 48 (2013) 513–522. [14] M. Safari, H. Mostaan, M. Farzin, Laser bending of tailor machined blanks: Effect of start point of scan path and irradiation direction relation to step of the blank, Alexandria Engineering Journal 55 (2016) 1587–1594. [15] R.D. Averett, M.L. Realff, K.I. Jacob, Comparative post fatigue residual property predictions of reinforced and unreinforced poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers using artificial neural networks, Composites: Part A 41 (2010) 331–344. [16] Y. Han, W. Zeng, Y. Zhao, X. Zhang, Y. Sun, X. Ma, Modeling of constitutive relationship of Ti–25V–15Cr–0.2Si alloy during hot deformation process by fuzzy-neural network, Materials and Design 31 (2010) 4380–4385. [17] O. Sabokpa, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, H.R. Abedi, N. Haghdadi, Artificial neural network modeling to predict the high temperature flow behavior of an AZ81 magnesium alloy, Materials and Design 39 (2012) 390–396. [18] N. Haghdadi, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, A.R. Khalesian, H.R. Abedi, Artificial neural network modeling to predict the hot deformation behavior of an A356 aluminum alloy, Materials and Design 49 (2013) 386–391. [19] F. Abbassi, T. Belhadj, S. Mistou, A. Zghal, Parameter identification of a mechanical ductile damage using Artificial Neural Networks in sheet metal forming, Materials and Design 45 (2013) 605–615. [20] P.J. Cheng, S.C. Lin, Using neural networks to predict bending angle of sheet metal formed by laser, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 40 (2000) 1185–1197. [21] A. Gisario, M. Barletta, C. Conti, S. Guarino, Springback control in sheet metal bending by laser-assisted bending: Experimental analysis, empirical and neural network modeling, Optics and Lasers in Engineering 49 (2011) 1372–1383. [22] M. Safari, M. Farzin, H. Mostaan, A novel method for laser forming of two-step bending of a dome shaped part, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 4 (2017) 1–14. [23] M. Safari, M. Ebrahimi, Numerical investigation of laser bending of perforated sheets, International Journal of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology 9 (2016) 53–60.
IJMF Shiraz University Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 2383-0042 Shiraz University 19 10.22099/ijmf.2018.27645.1095 Research Paper Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Deep Drawing Process in Square Section of Single-Layer and Two-Layer Sheet Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Deep Drawing Process in Square Section of Single-Layer and Two-Layer Sheet Mazdak S. Mechanical Engineering, Tafresh University, Tafresh, Iran Sharifi E. Mechanical Engineering, Tafresh University, Tafresh, Iran Moradi S. Mechanical Engineering Department, Tafresh University, Tafresh, Iran Sheykholeslami M.R. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran 01 04 2018 5 1 58 70 12 12 2017 21 04 2018 Copyright © 2018, Shiraz University. 2018 https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4829.html

Deep drawing of two-layer sheet is a suitable way to achieve product with a desired shape and desired properties in sheet metal forming technology. Control of deep drawing parameter such as thinning is the most important challenge in this process. The most difficult part of this challenge is differences in material properties and geometry of each layer. In this paper, numerical approach has been exploited to plan and control of two layer deep drawing process. For this purpose, the three-dimensional (3D) finite element has been used. ST14– Al1100 (A.I. and S.I. lay-up) were selected as materials of two layer sheet metal. The results of simulation have been validated with experiments. Based on numerical study, effect of process parameters on the percentage of thinning, maximum plastic strain, rupture, required forming force and blank holder force (BHF) has been studied. This study has also been done on one-layer sheet metal and differences between deep drawing of one-layer and two-layer sheets have been comprehensively investigated. The results showed that maximum thinning is occurred in the upper layer of die radial region as well as in the lower layer of punch radial region. Also, the maximum equivalent plastic strain in the lower layer is more than the maximum of equivalent plastic strain in the upper layer.

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IJMF Shiraz University Iranian Journal of Materials Forming 2383-0042 Shiraz University 19 10.22099/ijmf.2018.28756.1101 Review Paper Ten years of severe plastic deformation (SPD) in Iran, part I: equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) Ten years of severe plastic deformation (SPD) in Iran, part I: equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) Bagherpour E. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University Reihanian M. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran Pardis N. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Ebrahimi R. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Iran. Langdon T.G. Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK & Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering University of Southern California 30 04 2018 5 1 71 113 14 04 2018 27 04 2018 Copyright © 2018, Shiraz University. 2018 https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4830.html

The superior properties of ultrafine-grained materials fabricated by severe plastic deformation (SPD) have attracted the attention of many researchers around the world.  Among the top-ranked countries that are active in this field, Iran is interesting because of the late beginnings of SPD in this country and, subsequently, the highest rate of growth in the number of publications during the last decade. The first Iranian work published in the field of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) goes back to 2007, meaning that SPD research covers a period of only about ten years. Nevertheless, since that time there has been an increasing growth rate in the number of Iranian publications dealing with ECAP and especially the introduction of new methods based on ECAP and simulation of the method.  The present overview is designed to summarize the main contributions from Iran in the field of ECAP processing. Interestingly, the main contribution of Iranian researchers in ECAP is focused on simulation/modelling and the introduction of new methods of SPD based on ECAP.

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