Shiraz University
Iranian Journal of Materials Forming
2383-0042
6
1
2019
04
01
Investigation of Fracture Depth of Al/Cu Bimetallic Sheet in Single Point Incremental Forming Process
2
15
EN
A.
Gheysarian
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
ahmad.gheysarian@gmail.com
M.
Honarpisheh
0000-0002-5331-5300
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
honarpishe@kashanu.ac.ir
10.22099/ijmf.2018.30564.1109
Single point incremental sheet forming (SPISF) has demonstrated significant potential to form complex sheet metal parts without using component-specific tools and is suitable for fabricating low-volume functional sheet metal parts economically. In the SPIF process, a ball nose tool moves along a predefined tool path to form the sheet. This work aims to optimize the formability and forming forces of Al/Cu bimetal sheet formed by the single-point incremental forming process. Two levels of tool diameter, step size, tool path and sheet arrangement were considered as the input process parameters. The process parameters influential in the formability and forming forces have been identified using the statistical tool (response table, main effect plot and ANOVA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to indicate potential differences among the means of variables by testing the amount of population within each sample, which enabled it to show the effects of input variables on output ones. A multi response optimization was conducted to find the optimum values for input parameters by response surface methodology (RSM), and the confirmatory experiment revealed the reliability of RSM for this approach.
Incremental sheet forming,Bimetal sheet,Fracture depth,ANOVA,Forming Force
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5194.html
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5194_f03f538ee83f2e181e7ed1f6927859bc.pdf
Shiraz University
Iranian Journal of Materials Forming
2383-0042
6
1
2019
04
01
Microstructure and its Relationship to Mechanical Properties in Equal Channel Angular Rolled Al6061 Alloy Sheets
16
23
EN
M
Mahmoodi
School of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
mahmoodi@profs.semnan.ac.ir
A
Naderi
School of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
alinaderi333@gmail.com
10.22099/ijmf.2019.31820.1118
Equal channel angular rolling (ECAR) is a severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique which has been used to produce metal sheets with ultra-fine grain structure. In the present work, the relationships between the mechanical properties and microstructure of samples during the ECAR process have been investigated. The Rietveld method was applied to analyze the X-ray diffraction pattern and to determine the microstructural characteristics including the crystallite size, microstrain, and dislocation density. It was observed that the average crystallite size and dislocation density increased by increasing the strain during the ECAR process. The results showed that ECAR is a procedure intended to obtain meaningful structural refinement appearing in a crystallite. It can be justified by using Taylor equation that the mechanical properties are related to the dislocation density. The ECAR process strongly increases the yield strength and microhardness due to an increase in the dislocation density over a wide range of strain.
ECAR,X-ray diffraction,Rietveld method,Dislocation density,Al6061
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5195.html
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5195_835accb8568e67231f5afe8d7ee579f2.pdf
Shiraz University
Iranian Journal of Materials Forming
2383-0042
6
1
2019
04
01
Investigation of Ca in the Microstructural Evolution and Porosity Analysis of ZK60 Alloy in As-Cast and Extruded Conditions
24
31
EN
S.
Moradnezhad
IJMF-1610-1067
Imam Khomeini International, University, Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran
samiraa_moradnezhad@yahoo.com
A.
Razaghian
Imam Khomeini International, University, Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran
M.
Emamy
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
R.
Taghiabadi
Imam Khomeini International, University, Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran
10.22099/ijmf.2019.22884.1067
This research work has been carried out to study the effect of different Ca contents (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0) on the microstructure and porosity content of ZK60 alloys. The samples were examined by using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the modification efficiency of the alloy with different Ca concentrations. The cast specimens were modified, homogenized and extruded at 350 °C at an extrusion ratio of 12:1. The experimental results showed that the addition of Ca brings about the precipitation of a new phase and refines the as-cast grains. It was also found that the presence of Ca at higher concentrations (>2 wt. %) results in the formation of hard Ca-rich intermetallics segregated in cell boundaries. Hot-extrusion was found to be powerful in breaking the eutectic network and changing the size and morphology of Ca-rich intermetallic phase. By applying the extrusion process and increasing Ca concentration (up to 2.0 wt. %), the porosity percentage decreased from 13.62% to 6.34% and 7.11% to 3.89% for ZK60 and ZK60+3%Ca alloys, respectively.
ZK60 alloy,Microstructures,Ca addition,Extrusion
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5193.html
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5193_50a813776a8c27675c9330df52244fd3.pdf
Shiraz University
Iranian Journal of Materials Forming
2383-0042
6
1
2019
04
01
Plastic Deformation Characteristics of Continuous Confined Strip Shearing Process Considering the Deformation Homogeneity and Damage Accumulation
32
43
EN
M.
Shaban Ghazani
Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran
m_shaban@bonabu.ac.ir
10.22099/ijmf.2019.29949.1103
In the present investigation, two dimensional elastoplastic finite element analysis was conducted to assess the deformation characteristics of Al 1100 alloy during continuous confined strip shearing (C2S2) process. The results of simulations showed that the plastic strain distribution across the deformed sample is non-uniform irrespective of the amount of friction and C2S2 die angle. The most uniform distribution of equivalent strain is achieved when the friction coefficient and die angle are equal to 0.3 and 90˚ respectively. It was also observed that the maximum damage factor is located in the inner regions of the cross section of the plate similar to the conventional ECAP processing of soft materials with higher strain hardenability. According to a set of simulations, executed at different frictions and die angles, it was demonstrated that the safest condition is achieved during deformation with a friction coefficient of 0.3 and die angles of 90˚ and 110˚. Besides, the analysis of the equivalent strain rate pattern showed that the width of the deformation zone decreases by increasing the friction coefficient and decreasing the C2S2 die angle.
Finite Element Analysis,C2S2 process,Strain homogeneity,Damage accumulation
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5196.html
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5196_d9f734447cf41f884dc6e195211a2da3.pdf
Shiraz University
Iranian Journal of Materials Forming
2383-0042
6
1
2019
04
01
Flow Stress Modeling in a γ-γ/ Cobalt Base Superalloy by Using the Hyperbolic Sine Equation and ANN Method
44
55
EN
S.
Ali Akbari Sani
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iran University of Sience and Technology, Tehran, Iran
saas.mk@gmail.com
H.
Arabi
School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran.
arabi@iust.ac.ir
S.
Kheirandish
School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran
r_ebrahimi2000@yahoo.com
G.R.
Ebrahimi
0000-0003-2549-3246
Sabzevar, Iran
ebrahimi@hsu.ac.ir
10.22099/ijmf.2019.31538.1115
The new class of wrought γ-γ<sup>/</sup> Co-base superalloys, which are based on Co-Al-W system, was developed by conventional hot working routes with a high volume fraction of γ<sup>/</sup> precipitates and good mechanical properties. The aim of the present study was to predict the flow stress and hot deformation modeling of a novel γ-γ<sup>/</sup> Co-base superalloy. The hot compression tests were carried out over a wide range of temperatures (950°C-1200°C) and strain rates (0.001s<sup>-1</sup>-1s<sup>-1</sup>). The flow stress analysis, constitutive approach and microstructure characterization revealed that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurred at a high temperature regime (1100°C-1200°C) but not at a low one (950°C-1050°C) due to the presence of γ<sup>/</sup> precipitates. The hot deformation characteristic was studied using the hyperbolic sine equation on each of the above-mentioned regimes and the ANN approach on the overall conditions. The constitutive method indicated good potential for the prediction of the flow stress at each separated regime, but the ANN model represented a much more appropriate performance. The outstanding predictability of the ANN model regardless of the γ<sup>/</sup> phase participation during the thermomechanical processing under the overall deformation conditions can be considered as another achievement of the proposed approach.
γ-γ/ Co-base superalloys,Hot deformation modeling,Flow stress prediction,Hyperbolic sine equation,ANN
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5200.html
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5200_d54fb1c197e2bb660c3ea7761dd81ad5.pdf
Shiraz University
Iranian Journal of Materials Forming
2383-0042
6
1
2019
04
01
Anisotropy in Elastic Properties of Porous 316L Stainless Steel Due to the Shape and Regular Cell Distribution
56
63
EN
M.
Mirzaee
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
m_mirzaee1355@yahoo.com
M.H.
Paydar
0000-0002-8434-8463
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
paaydar@shirazu.ac.ir
10.22099/ijmf.2019.31703.1117
In this study, two-dimensional finite element modeling was used to study the simultaneous effect of the cell shape and regular cell distribution on the anisotropy of the elastic properties of 316L stainless steel foam. In this way, the uniaxial compressive stress-strain curve was predicted using a geometric model and fully solid 316L stainless steel. The results showed that the elastic tangent and the yield strength increase significantly if the direction of the loading is parallel to the major cell dimension. Besides, the regular cell distribution affects the above properties, and the sharp drop in the mechanical properties is observed when the maximum shear stress plane is parallel with the plane including higher cell density. In addition, the finite element modeling showed that the elastic properties of porous 316L stainless steel are anisotropic and the optimum conditions depend entirely on the shape of the cells and the loading direction in the regular cell distribution foam.
Cell shape,Regular cell distribution,Anisotropy,316L stainless steel foam
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5199.html
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5199_ff0d1581f6012d9ac578673eed2510a5.pdf
Shiraz University
Iranian Journal of Materials Forming
2383-0042
6
1
2019
04
01
Modeling of Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Based on Least Square Support Vector Machine Technique
64
73
EN
N.
Anjabin
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering , Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
anjabin@shirazu.ac.ir
F.
Arabloo
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering , Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
f.arabloo.1369@gmail.com
10.22099/ijmf.2019.31492.1113
Understanding crack growth behavior in engineering components subjected to cyclic fatigue loadings is necessary for design and maintenance purpose. Fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate strongly depends on the applied loading characteristics in a nonlinear manner, and when the mechanical loadings combine with environmental attacks, this dependency will be more complicated. Since, the experimental investigation of FCG behavior under various loading and environmental conditions is time-consuming and expensive, applying a reliable methodology for prediction of this property is essential. In this regard, a modeling technique based on least square support vector machine (LSSVM) framework is employed for prediction of FCG behavior of three different alloys including, Ti-6Al-4V alloy and two Cu-strengthened high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels in the air and corrosive media. The parameters of the developed model were calculated employing the coupled simulated annealing optimization technique. The performance and accuracy of the developed models were tested and validated by their ability to predict the experimental data. Statistical error analyses indicated that the developed model can satisfactorily represent the experimental data with high accuracy.
Corrosion-fatigue crack growth,Modeling,LSSVM,Ti-6Al-4V,HSLA steel
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5197.html
https://ijmf.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5197_6a7e729eb8bac8a201eb2ff7d8b18646.pdf