Finite Element Analysis of Phase Distribution in Forging of the Two-Phase Ti-6Al-4V Alloy to have a Hip Joint Implant

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia 15311-57561, Iran

2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia 15311-57561, Iran

3 Mechanical Engineering Department, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

In this research, the finite element analysis (FEA) of the effect of forging parameters including temperature, strain rate and cooling rate on the percentage of α and β phases in forging of the two-phase Ti-6Al-4V alloy to fabricate a hip joint implant was investigated. In order to be used in FEA, the stress-strain curves of Ti-6Al-4V at temperatures ranged between 800 to 1000°C and, strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1 s-1 up to a total strain of 0.45 by using hot compression test were obtained. The force-displacement curve of hot compression test of a cylindrical sample made of Ti-6Al-4V alloy from FEA and experiment in similar condition was used for verification. Results showed that all three input variables have an effect on the volume percentage of final α and β phases. By increasing the cooling rate, forging temperature and strain rate, the percentage of the final α phase decreases and the amount of the β phase increases. Additionally, in all cooling rates, the amount of the final α phase decreases from the center to the sides of samples.

Keywords


[1]    M. Geetha, A.K. Singh, R. Asokamani, A.K. Gogia, Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants–a review, Progress in Materials Science, 54(3) (2009) 397-425.
[2]    M. Peters, C. Leyens, Titanium and titanium alloys: fundamentals and applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
[3]    R.K. Nalla, R.O. Ritchie, B.L. Boyce, J.P. Campbell, J.O. Peters, Influence of microstructure on high-cycle fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V: bimodal vs. lamellar structures, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 33(3) (2002) 899-918.
[4]    J.H. Zuo, Z.G. Wang, E.H. Han, Effect of microstructure on ultra-high cycle fatigue behavior of Ti–6Al–4V, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 473(1-2) (2008) 147-152.
[5]    G.Q. Wu, C.L. Shi, W. Sha, A.X. Sha, H.R. Jiang, Effect of microstructure on the fatigue properties of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys, Materials & Design, 46 (2013) 668-674.
[6]    V. Crupi, G. Epasto, E. Guglielmino, A. Squillace, Influence of microstructure [alpha+ beta and beta] on very high cycle fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, International Journal of Fatigue, 95 (2017) 64-75.
[7]    M. Niinomi, M. Nakai, J. Hieda, Development of new metallic alloys for biomedical applications, Acta Biomaterialia, 8(11) (2012) 3888-3903.
[8]    S.H. Teoh. Fatigue of Biomaterials: a review, International Journal of Fatigue, 22(10) (2000) 825-837.
[9]    L.R. Saitova, H.W. Höppel, M. Göken, I.P. Semenova, G.I. Raab, R.Z. Valiev, Fatigue behavior of ultrafine-grained Ti–6Al–4V ‘ELI’ alloy for medical applications, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 503(1-2) (2009) 145-147.
[10]  J.B. Park, R.S. Lakes, Metallic implant materials, Biomaterials, (2007) 99-137.
[11]  M. Semilitsch, H.G. Willert, Properties of implant alloys for artificial hip joints, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 18(4) (1980) 511-520.
[12]  D.R. Sumner, T.M. Turner, R. Igloria, R.M. Urban, J.O. Galante, Functional adaptation and ingrowth of bone vary as a function of hip implant stiffness, Journal of Biomechanics, 31(10) (1998) 909-917.
[13]  M. Long, H.J. Rack, Titanium alloys in total joint replacement—a materials science perspective, Biomaterials, 19(18) (1998) 1621-1639.
[14]  M. Balazic, J. Kopac, M.J. Jackson, W. Ahmed, Titanium and titanium alloy applications in medicine, International Journal of Nano and Biomaterials, 1(1) (2007) 3-34.
[15]  A.K. Mishra, J.A. Davidson, R.A. Poggie, P. Kovacs, T.J. FitzGerald, Mechanical and tribological properties and biocompatibility of diffusion hardened Ti-13Nb-13Zr—a new titanium alloy for surgical implants, Medical Applications of Titanium and Its Alloys: The Material and Biological Issues, ASTM International, (1996) 96-113.
[16]  M. Semlitsch, Titanium alloys for hip joint replacements, Clinical Materials, 2(1) (1987) 1-13.
[17]  H. Gheshlaghi, V. Alimirzaloo, M. Shahbaz, A. Amiri, Numerical study and optimization of the thermomechanical procedure in forging of two-phase Ti-6Al-4V Alloy for artificial hip joint implant, Iranian Journal of Materials Forming, 9(3) (2022) 31-43.
[18]  ASM Metals Handbook Vol. 14: Forming and Forging, ASM International, 9th Edition, 1988.
[19]  R. Sethy, L. Galdos, J. Mendiguren, E. Sáenz de Argandoña, Friction and heat transfer coefficient determination of titanium alloys during hot forging conditions, Advanced Engineering Materials, 19(6) (2017) 1600060.
[20]  R. Ebrahimi, A. Najafizadeh, A new method for evaluation of friction in bulk metal forming, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 152(2) (2004) 136-143.
[21]  Scientific Forming Technologies Corporation (SFTC), 2010.
[22]  S.K. Choi, M.S. Chun, C.J. Van Tyne, Y.H. Moon, Optimization of open die forging of round shapes using FEM analysis, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 172(1) (2006) 88-95.
[23]  V. Alimirzaloo, F.R. Biglari, M.H. Sadeghi, Numerical and experimental investigation of preform design for hot forging of an aerofoil blade, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 225(7) (2011) 1129-1139.
[24]  J. Sieniawski, W. Ziaja, K. Kubiak, M. Motyka, Microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength two-phase titanium alloys, Titanium Alloys-Advances in Properties Control, InTech, Croatia, 2013, pp. 69-80.